A National Chimpanzee Brain Resource

 描述（由申请人提供）：该项目将为神经科学研究提供国家黑猩猩脑资源的基础设施，专业知识和工具。黑猩猩是人类最亲近的亲戚，拥有超过98%的DNA相似性。因此，黑猩猩拥有许多行为和认知能力，这些能力将它们与其他经常用于行为和生物医学研究的非人类物种（如小鼠，大鼠和猴子）区分开来。这些能力包括基本的符号沟通、自我识别、第三方和解和安慰、工具使用、模仿学习和同理心。因此，黑猩猩是理解最近进化的认知表型的独特物种，其中一些在人类的神经和神经发育障碍中异常明显。然而，NIH管理的黑猩猩资源没有得到充分利用，特别是在神经科学方面。有一个广泛的研究人员社区，他们将受益于国家黑猩猩大脑资源。作为该项目的一部分，我们将创建一个基础设施，将：（1）管理与国家灵长类动物研究中心和国家黑猩猩保护区的通信（2）获取死后固定脑的高分辨率结构MRI和扩散张量成像;（3）提供黑猩猩大脑样本的T1加权结构MRI和静息状态功能MRI扫描的开放访问和目录;（4）开发一个在线的、可挖掘的数据库，以便科学家可以查询MRI和组织样本的收集情况并提交请求。我们还将开发工具，包括：（1）基于MRI的黑猩猩大脑模板，其中包含通过细胞结构方法确定的皮质区域的概率图;（2）一个在线可搜索的灰和白色物质体积数据库，以及大脑关键感兴趣区域的皮质厚度，包括感兴趣区域图;（3）一个将从扩散张量图像中开发的黑猩猩大脑连接数据库;（4）一个从组织学切片中创建的详细的黑猩猩大脑图谱;（5）与艾伦脑科学研究所合作，开始创建黑猩猩基因表达图谱。此外，我们将获得一个黑猩猩的行为数据库，使大脑解剖学行为基因组协会的调查。将继续获得关于运动技能（工具使用、抓握技能）、偏侧性、社会和身体认知（注视跟随、社会交际技能的启动和理解、空间记忆、物体永久性）的数据，并将继续获得关于社会行为（即，仪容仪表、社交游戏）和性情也将被收集。

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This project will provide the infrastructure, expertise, and tools for a National Chimpanzee Brain Resource for neuroscience research. Chimpanzees are the closest living relatives of humans, sharing more than 98% DNA similarity. As a result, chimpanzees possess a number of behavioral and cognitive abilities that distinguish them from other nonhuman species often used in behavioral and biomedical research such as mice, rats, and monkeys. Such abilities include basic symbolic communication, self-recognition, third party reconciliation and consolation, tool use, imitation learning, and empathy. Thus, chimpanzees are a unique species for understanding recently evolved cognitive phenotypes, some of which are abnormally manifest in neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders in humans. However, the chimpanzee resources managed by the NIH have been underutilized, particularly in the context of neuroscience. There is a broad community of researchers who would benefit from a National Chimpanzee Brain Resource. As part of this project we will create an infrastructure that will: (1) manage communication with National Primate Research Centers and the National Chimpanzee Sanctuary (Chimp Haven) to coordinate brain collection and shipping; (2) acquire high resolution structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging of postmortem fixed brains; (3) provide open access to and a catalog of T1-weighted structural MRI and resting state fMRI scans of a sample of chimpanzee brains; (4) develop an online, minable database so that scientists can query the collection of MRIs and tissue samples and submit requests. We will also develop tools that will include: (1) MRI-based template of the chimpanzee brain with probabilistic maps of cortical regions determined by cytoarchitectonic methods; (2) an online searchable database of grey and white matter volumes, as well as cortical thickness, of key brains regions of interest, including region-of-interest maps; (3) a database of chimpanzee brain connectivity that will be developed from diffusion tensor images; (4) a detailed chimpanzee brain atlas created from histological sections; (5) coordination with the Allen Institute for Brain Science to begin creating a chimpanzee gene-expression map. Furthermore, we will obtain a behavioral database from chimpanzees to enable the investigation of brain anatomy-behavior-genomic associations. Data on motor skill (tool use, grasping skill), laterality, social and physical cognition (gaze following, initiating and comprehension of social communicative skills, spatial memory, object permanence) will continue to be obtained and data on social behavior (i.e., grooming, social play) and temperament will also be collected for each individual.