A National Chimpanzee Brain Resource

 描述(由申请者提供)：该项目将为神经科学研究的国家黑猩猩脑资源提供基础设施、专业知识和工具。黑猩猩是人类现存的最近的近亲，DNA相似性超过98%。因此，黑猩猩拥有许多行为和认知能力，这些能力使它们有别于通常用于行为和生物医学研究的其他非人类物种，如小鼠、大鼠和猴子。这些能力包括基本的符号交流、自我认识、第三方和解和安慰、工具使用、模仿学习和同理心。因此，黑猩猩是理解最近进化的认知表型的独特物种，其中一些表型在人类的神经和神经发育障碍中异常明显。然而，NIH管理的黑猩猩资源一直没有得到充分利用，特别是在神经科学的背景下。有一个广泛的研究社区，他们将受益于国家黑猩猩大脑资源。作为该项目的一部分，我们将创建一个基础设施，该基础设施将：(1)管理与国家灵长类研究中心和国家黑猩猩保护区(Chimp Haven)的沟通，以协调脑的收集和运输；(2)获取高分辨率结构磁共振和尸检固定大脑的扩散张量成像；(3)提供对黑猩猩大脑样本的T1加权结构MRI和静息状态功能磁共振扫描的开放获取和目录；(4)开发一个在线的、可挖掘的数据库，以便科学家可以查询核磁共振成像和组织样本的集合并提交请求。我们还将开发包括以下内容的工具：(1)基于磁共振成像的黑猩猩大脑模板，带有由细胞架构学方法确定的皮质区域的概率图；(2)可在线搜索的关键大脑感兴趣区域的灰质和白质体积以及皮质厚度的数据库，包括感兴趣区域地图；(3)将根据扩散张量图像开发的黑猩猩大脑连通性数据库；(4)根据组织切片创建的详细的黑猩猩脑图谱；(5)与艾伦脑科学研究所合作，开始创建黑猩猩基因表达图谱。此外，我们将从黑猩猩那里获得一个行为数据库，以使研究大脑解剖-行为-基因组关联成为可能。将继续获取有关运动技能(工具使用、握持技能)、偏侧性、社会和身体认知(凝视跟踪、社交沟通技能的启动和理解、空间记忆、物体持久性)的数据，还将收集每个人的社会行为(即，打扮、社交游戏)和气质的数据。

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This project will provide the infrastructure, expertise, and tools for a National Chimpanzee Brain Resource for neuroscience research. Chimpanzees are the closest living relatives of humans, sharing more than 98% DNA similarity. As a result, chimpanzees possess a number of behavioral and cognitive abilities that distinguish them from other nonhuman species often used in behavioral and biomedical research such as mice, rats, and monkeys. Such abilities include basic symbolic communication, self-recognition, third party reconciliation and consolation, tool use, imitation learning, and empathy. Thus, chimpanzees are a unique species for understanding recently evolved cognitive phenotypes, some of which are abnormally manifest in neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders in humans. However, the chimpanzee resources managed by the NIH have been underutilized, particularly in the context of neuroscience. There is a broad community of researchers who would benefit from a National Chimpanzee Brain Resource. As part of this project we will create an infrastructure that will: (1) manage communication with National Primate Research Centers and the National Chimpanzee Sanctuary (Chimp Haven) to coordinate brain collection and shipping; (2) acquire high resolution structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging of postmortem fixed brains; (3) provide open access to and a catalog of T1-weighted structural MRI and resting state fMRI scans of a sample of chimpanzee brains; (4) develop an online, minable database so that scientists can query the collection of MRIs and tissue samples and submit requests. We will also develop tools that will include: (1) MRI-based template of the chimpanzee brain with probabilistic maps of cortical regions determined by cytoarchitectonic methods; (2) an online searchable database of grey and white matter volumes, as well as cortical thickness, of key brains regions of interest, including region-of-interest maps; (3) a database of chimpanzee brain connectivity that will be developed from diffusion tensor images; (4) a detailed chimpanzee brain atlas created from histological sections; (5) coordination with the Allen Institute for Brain Science to begin creating a chimpanzee gene-expression map. Furthermore, we will obtain a behavioral database from chimpanzees to enable the investigation of brain anatomy-behavior-genomic associations. Data on motor skill (tool use, grasping skill), laterality, social and physical cognition (gaze following, initiating and comprehension of social communicative skills, spatial memory, object permanence) will continue to be obtained and data on social behavior (i.e., grooming, social play) and temperament will also be collected for each individual.