Molecular Basis of Antidiabetogenic Hormone Action

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DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Studies proposed here concern a novel phospholipase C-epsilon (PLCϵ) that we propose mediates beneficial blood glucose-lowering actions of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist Byetta in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The central hypothesis we present is that there exists coupling of the pancreatic beta-cell GLP-1R to cAMP production with consequent activation of PLCϵ in order to potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from the islets of Langerhans. By understanding the nature of this unconventional cAMP signaling mechanism, we hope to further drug discovery efforts that seek to identify GLP-1R agonists that are pure insulin secretagogues and that do not induce dangerous side effects such as pancreatitis and cancer. Aim 1: Byetta might restore insulin secretion in T2DM by facilitating a "late step" of exocytosis that is under te control of PLCϵ. Using human islets or islets of PLCϵ KO mice, this hypothesis will be tested in perfusion or static incubation assays of GSIS. A first goal is to determine if PLCϵ mediates the action of Byetta to potentiate 1st and/or 2nd phase GSIS, or to potentiate "triggering" and "amplification" mechanisms of GSIS. Next, single cell patch clamp assays in combination with 2-photon confocal microscopy of secretory granule dynamics will be performed to test if PLCϵ activation explains diacylglycerol (DAG) and protein kinase C (PKC) mediated actions of Byetta to facilitate exocytosis. To evaluate the in vivo action of Byetta, glucoregulation will be studied using Pdx-1-hGLP1R:Glpr-/- mice in which there is a beta-cell specific KO of PLCϵ. Since Pdx-1-hGLP1R:Glpr-/- mice express the GLP-1R only in the pancreas, specific activation of the beta-cell GLP-1R by administered Byetta will be possible. We predict that a beta-cell specific KO of PLCϵ will disrupt the action of Byetta to potentiate GSIS in vivo. Aim 2: Byetta might also restore insulin secretion in patients with T2DM by sensitizing beta cells to the stimulatory effect of glucose metabolism. More specifically, we propose that Byetta acts via Epac2, Rap1, and PLCϵ to restore glucose metabolism-dependent closure of K-ATP channels in beta cells of T2DM patients. Our hypothesis embraces a new model of stimulus-secretion coupling in which the sulfonylurea receptor-1 (SUR1) subunit of K-ATP channels acts as a molecular scaffold to allow the formation of a signal transduction complex comprised of Epac2, Rap1, and PLCϵ. Importantly, we demonstrate that cAMP sensor Epac2 binds to SUR1, and that this interaction is facilitated by H-Ras GTPase acting at a Ras-association (RA) domain of Epac2. Thus, we hypothesize that Byetta acts in concert with growth factors or possibly secreted insulin to activate PLCϵ, to stimulate PIP2 hydrolysis, and to modulate the ATP and Mg-ADP sensitivity of K-ATP channels in order to close the channels. This hypothesis concerning a novel mechanism of ion channel modulation will be tested in assays of K-ATP channel activity using human islets or islets of Epac2 and PLCϵ knockout (KO) mice. Summary: The long-term goal of this project concerns our interest in determining the molecular basis for beneficial blood glucose-lowering properties of GLP-1R agonists in patients with T2DM.