Toward using comprehensive decision-making models in neuropsychological testing

描述（由申请人提供）：在日常生活中，快速的一个，两个和多个选择的决定是常见的。必须根据各种信息来源作出快速决策，而且往往是在面临迅速变化的情况下。该研究的首要目的是将一套认知心理学理论应用于实际问题。该计划是利用这些理论来开发工具，以衡量快速决策的基本过程。目前，现代认知理论对神经心理测试的影响很小。拟议研究的目标是通过提供对快速一项、两项和多项选择决策的连贯的、基于理论的解释来开始改变这一点。 要使用的认知心理学模型旨在解释感知和记忆研究领域中简单决策的准确性和速度，并连接到认知和驾驶，认知和衰老的实际领域。例如，在驾驶中，决定在另一辆车的刹车灯亮起时减速是一个单选决策;决定一片光比背景更暗还是更亮是一个二选决策;对一个单词或图片是否被更早研究的信心进行评级是一个多选决策。我们将使用的三个模型，一个用于单选决策，一个用于双选决策，一个用于多选决策，使用扩散过程并共享基本属性。每一种方法都将处理过程划分为类似的组成部分：决策所依据的信息的质量，确定决策所需信息的标准，使所需信息可用的编码和内存访问过程，以及使决策公开的响应执行过程。我们的目标的核心是，这些模型允许检查特定的，每时每刻，刺激的呈现和对它的反应之间发生的过程。研究将调查这些过程的大学年龄的成年人和老年人（年龄60-74）。 计划中的方法是开发和测试各种领域的单选和多选决策的新模型。单选模型将在涉及模拟驾驶和感知任务的实验中进行测试，这些实验已被用于评估睡眠剥夺对认知的影响。多项选择模型将在记忆和知觉判断领域进行测试。在这两种情况下，计划中的实验将允许将两个模型与当前验证良好的二选一模型进行比较。 拟议研究的最终目标是开发神经心理学测试，可用于评估脑震荡、衰老和化疗等对认知的影响。这项研究将是创新的，因为一个，两个和多个选择模型以前没有被用于诊断认知障碍或跟踪从他们的恢复。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): In everyday life, fast one-, two-, and multi-choice decisions are common. Rapid decisions must be made based on any number of sources of information, often in the face of quickly changing conditions. The paramount aim of the proposed research is to move a set of Cognitive Psychology theories to practical issues. The plan is to use the theories to develop tools with which to measure the basic, elemental processes by which rapid decisions are made. Currently, modern cognitive theories have had little impact on neuropsychological testing. The goal of the proposed research is to begin to change this by providing a coherent, theory-based account of rapid one-, two-, and multi-choice decisions. The Cognitive Psychology models to be used are designed to explain the accuracy and speed of simple decisions in the research domains of perception and memory and to bridge to the practical domains of cognition and driving, and cognition and aging. For example, in driving, deciding to slow at the onset of another car's brake lights is a one-choice decision; deciding whether a patch of light is darker or brighter than the background is a two-choice decision; rating the confidence in whether a word or picture was studied earlier is a multi-choice decision. The three models we will use, one for one-choice decisions, one for two-choice decisions, and one for multi-choice decisions, use diffusion processes and share foundational properties. Each divides processing into similar components: the quality of the information upon which a decision is based, the criteria that determine how much information must be available in order to make a decision, the encoding and memory-access processes that make the needed information available, and the response execution processes that make a decision overt. Central to our aims, the models allow examination of the particular, moment-by-moment, processes that take place between the presentation of a stimulus and the response to it. The research will investigate these processes for college-age adults and elderly adults (ages 60-74). The planned approach is to develop and test new models for one- and multi-choice decisions in a variety of domains. The one-choice model will be tested in experiments that involve simulated driving and perceptual tasks that have been used to assess the effects of sleep deprivation on cognition. The multi-choice model will be tested in the domains of memory and perceptual judgments. In both cases, planned experiments will allow comparisons of the two models to a currently well-validated two-choice model. The eventual goal of the proposed research is the development of neuropsychological tests that can be used to assess the impacts on cognition of, for example, concussion, aging, and chemotherapy. The research will be innovative in that the one-, two- and multi-choice models have not previously been used in the diagnosis of cognitive impairments or in the tracking of recovery from them.