Toddlers listening and learning in noise: distraction vs. signal degradation

幼儿在噪音中聆听和学习:分心与信号衰减

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    9314586
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 39.17万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    美国
  • 项目类别:
  • 财政年份:
    2015
  • 资助国家:
    美国
  • 起止时间:
    2015-08-03 至 2020-06-30
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The input children receive is a critical factor in their language development, but much of the language they hear directed to themselves and others occurs in noisy or multi-talker environments. Yet children must rely on these degraded signals to attempt to learn their native language. The language learning systems of the brain evolved in what were presumably far quieter ambient environments than present-day settings, where noise from traffic, television, and electronic devices are ubiquitous. Recent work suggests that children are affected by background noise much more than are adults, potentially limiting the extent to which they can benefit from the language input they receive. Yet the underlying reason for these age-related differences remains unclear, as is the effect that such differences actually have on learning. Noise has a substantial public health impact, ranging from sleep disturbance and stress to decreased performance in school. Noise and other unwanted auditory signals can potentially affect speech processing in at least two ways: they can degrade the quality of the target signal (e.g., by making portions of it inaudible) and they can serve as a potential source o distraction or interference. We predict that the latter plays a larger role in young children's particular difficulty with noise, and that this is tied to children's developing attention abilitie in general. To examine this, the current proposal has three specific aims: i) to distinguish effects caused by the degradation of the signal from effects of distraction, and identify which factor plays the greater role in children's perceptual difficulties, and how this relates to other nonlinguistic attentional skills (specifically selective attention in the presence of distractors);ii) to investigate the range of stimuli for which young children show effects of distraction; and iii) to investigate the effects of noise on the learning of new words, not just recognition of already-known words. Distinguishing effects of signal degradation from effects of distraction has both theoretical and applied significance. Theoretically, understanding the nature of children's difficulties provides insight into the mechanisms involved in speech perception, as well as into the nature of speech processing development. Moreover, most theories of early language learning presume either that the child is hearing language input in ideal listening conditions or that the input has already been separated from background noise. The proposed studies will thus spur the development of more nuanced views of language acquisition, and provide critical information for evaluating and improving such models. On an applied level, understanding the limitations of children's ability to understand and learn from spoken language in the context of other speech will have vital implications for child-rearing practices, and for understanding potential causes for language delay. The results from these studies will also impact how we think about intervention and the effect of child care quality.
 描述(由申请人提供):儿童收到的输入是他们语言发展的关键因素,但他们听到的大部分语言都是针对自己和他人的,发生在嘈杂或多说话的环境中。然而,孩子们必须依靠这些退化的信号来尝试学习他们的母语。大脑的语言学习系统在可能比当今环境安静得多的环境中进化,当今环境中交通、电视和电子设备的噪音无处不在。最近的研究表明,儿童比成年人更容易受到背景噪音的影响,这可能会限制他们从所接收的语言输入中受益的程度。然而,这些与年龄相关的差异的根本原因仍不清楚,这些差异对学习的实际影响也不清楚。噪音会对公共健康产生重大影响,包括睡眠障碍和压力以及在学校的表现下降。噪声和其他不需要的听觉信号可能以至少两种方式影响语音处理:它们会降低目标信号的质量(例如,使部分信号听不见),并且它们可能成为分散注意力或干扰的潜在来源。我们预测,后者在幼儿处理噪音的特殊困难中发挥着更大的作用,并且这与儿童总体注意力能力的发展有关。为了研究这一点,当前的提案有三个具体目标:i)区分信号衰减引起的影响和分心的影响,并确定哪个因素在儿童知觉困难中发挥更大的作用,以及这与其他非语言注意力技能(特别是在存在分心物的情况下的选择性注意)之间的关系;ii)调查幼儿表现出分心影响的刺激范围; iii) 研究噪声对新单词学习的影响,而不仅仅是对已知单词的识别。区分信号衰减的影响和干扰的影响具有理论和应用意义。从理论上讲,了解儿童困难的本质可以深入了解言语感知的机制以及言语处理发展的本质。此外,大多数早期语言学习理论都假设孩子在理想的听力条件下听到语言输入,或者输入已经与背景噪音分开。因此,拟议的研究将促进对语言习得更细致的观点的发展,并为评估和改进此类模型提供关键信息。在应用层面上,了解儿童在其他言语的背景下理解和学习口语的能力的局限性将对育儿实践以及理解语言发育迟缓的潜在原因产生重要影响。这些研究的结果还将影响我们对干预措施和儿童保育质量效果的看法。

项目成果

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Rochelle S NEWMAN其他文献

Rochelle S NEWMAN的其他文献

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{{ truncateString('Rochelle S NEWMAN', 18)}}的其他基金

Toddlers listening and learning in noise: distraction vs. signal degradation
幼儿在噪音中聆听和学习:分心与信号衰减
  • 批准号:
    9119852
  • 财政年份:
    2015
  • 资助金额:
    $ 39.17万
  • 项目类别:
DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ATTENTION IN INFANCY
婴儿期语言和注意力的发展
  • 批准号:
    6573072
  • 财政年份:
    1999
  • 资助金额:
    $ 39.17万
  • 项目类别:
DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ATTENTION IN INFANCY
婴儿期语言和注意力的发展
  • 批准号:
    6181881
  • 财政年份:
    1999
  • 资助金额:
    $ 39.17万
  • 项目类别:
DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ATTENTION IN INFANCY
婴儿期语言和注意力的发展
  • 批准号:
    2881598
  • 财政年份:
    1999
  • 资助金额:
    $ 39.17万
  • 项目类别:

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