Impact of waterpipe configuration on the size distribution and number density of smoke particles and targeted chemical analysis of particle profiles that diminish alveolar cell health

流行病学研究表明，自来水管道的使用已上升到“全球流行”的程度。新的和长期的 吸烟者对烟斗碗液的过滤能力和部件的毒性有误解 被吸进肺部。香烟烟雾(CTS)的研究已经确定了大量的有害物质 可在烟斗烟草烟雾(WTS)的烟草热解产品中发现的成分。WTS是 变得更加复杂，因为它包括木炭热源燃烧产物和热解产物，而不是 在CTS中发现，来自水烟的保湿剂和调味剂。与CTS研究相比，WTS的分析 其毒性还处于早期阶段。最有效的计划是应用成功相关的最佳实践 菲尔兹。空气质量研究结果是目前被忽视的一个联系。空气质量研究已经得出结论 根据美国环保局和世界卫生组织的规定，PM2.5和超细(UF)颗粒物是一种健康危害 保护公众健康的场所。因此，与其假设化学毒物是唯一的途径 危害，拟议的研究包括物理和毒物学特性，以识别水管 生成WTS简档的配置和吸烟制度造成负面影响的数量和 存在的颗粒的大小，以及由于化学物质造成的损害而需要进行有针对性的分析的颗粒 组成。水烟斗咖啡馆里的环境烟草烟雾(ETS)，当然还有主流烟雾 含有高浓度的PM2.5和UFP，但由于 缺乏直接研究。拟议的项目将把WTS描述为可能有害的颗粒物的集合 由于其物理特征而导致的健康，以提供政策可能将空气质量和WTS联系起来的证据 规章制度。由于颗粒物的形成受水管形状的影响，因此， 当管道高度、木炭与非木炭热源、水烟和软管长度以及 将根据空气质量确定不同的材料，通知供水管道配置的调整 指标。这些数据将指示哪些配置需要作为以下函数的系统表征 吸烟制度的变化。平行研究将确定产生的WTS的相对细胞毒性 通过不同的水管配置和吸烟制度。这些调查将使这一领域取得进展 使用全烟，而不是再悬浮的冷凝液或蒸气，肺细胞生长为极片 并暴露在空气-液体界面的烟雾中，从而增加了生理相关性。细胞毒性 数据将根据WTS物理或化学造成的危害确定需要监管的配置 特点。虽然这两条调查路线都提供了对了解健康影响的重要数据 WT和管道配置的可调节方面，可以减少危害，它们还允许识别管道 WTS配置文件用作物理毒物的配置，以及化学成分表征 因此，有效地只针对那些表明有化学毒性的简档。

Epidemiological studies indicate waterpipe use has risen to the level of a ‘global epidemic’. New and long-time smokers have misconceptions regarding the filtration ability of the pipe’s bowl liquid and toxicity of components drawn into the lungs. Cigarette tobacco smoke (CTS) research has identified a large library of harmful components that may be found in the tobacco pyrolysis products of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS). WTS is made more complex because it includes charcoal heat source combustion products and pyrolysis products, not found in CTS, from the shisha’s humectants and flavorants. Compared with CTS research, analysis of WTS and its toxicity is in the early stages. The most effective plan is to apply best practices from successful related fields. Air quality research findings are a currently overlooked connection. Air quality research has conclusively demonstrated that PM2.5 and Ultrafine (UF) particulate are a health hazard with EPA and WHO regulations in place to protect the public health. Therefore, instead of assuming that chemical toxicants are the only route to WTS harm, the proposed research includes physical and toxicological characterization to identify waterpipe configurations and smoking regimes that generate WTS profiles causing negative impacts due the number and size of the particles present, as well as those warranting targeted analysis due to damage caused by chemical composition. Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) in a waterpipe café and mainstream smoke certainly contain high concentrations of PM2.5 and UFP but seep through the cracks of current regulatory policy due to lack of direct study. The proposed project will characterize WTS as a collection of particulates that may harm health due to its physical characteristics to provide evidence by which policy might connect air quality and WTS regulations. Because particulate formation is affected by waterpipe configuration, the physical properties of particles generated when pipe height, charcoal vs. non-charcoal heat source, shisha and hose length and material are varied will be determined, informing regulation of waterpipe configuration based on air quality metrics. These data will indicate which configurations warrant systematic characterization as a function of variations in smoking regimes. Parallel investigations will determine the relative cytotoxicity of WTS generated by the different waterpipe configurations and smoking regimes. These investigations will advance the field by using whole smoke, not resuspended condensate or vapor separately, and lung cells grown as polar sheets and exposed to smoke at the air-liquid interface, thereby increasing physiological relevance. The cytotoxicity data will identify configurations requiring regulation based on harm caused by WTS physical or chemical characteristics. While both lines of investigation provide data important to understanding the health impacts of WTS and regulatable aspects of pipe configuration that can reduce harm, they also allow recognition of pipe configurations where WTS profiles are acting as physical toxicants, and chemical composition characterization is thus efficiently targeted only for those profiles where chemical toxicity is indicated.