Binocular integration in the primate lateral geniculate nucleus

项目摘要/摘要 像所有灵长类动物一样，人类用双眼同时计算对视觉世界的知觉解释。 然而，双目视觉经常失败，导致一些最常见的视觉障碍，如弱视， 斜视、复视或立体盲。总体而言，双眼视力障碍影响到约10%-20%的人口， 与之相关的问题通常是难以解决的。解开执行双目望远镜的神经回路 集成是本项目的目标，是开发新的和有效的技术的关键踏脚石。 积极的治疗方法。在这里，我们将填补我们目前关于大脑位置的知识中的一个紧迫空白 以及支持两只眼睛的视网膜输出之间的眼睛间相互作用(串扰)的机制。它 目前尚不清楚两只眼睛的信号是首先在大脑皮层相遇，还是已经在皮质下相互作用。而当 在麻醉猫身上收集的一些数据表明，在THA内，两只眼睛的信号之间存在早期的串扰。 拉米克接力，其他数据表明情况并非如此。这笔赠款的目标是解决以下不确定性- 介于这两种可能性之间。我们将解决以下问题： V1水平之前的两个单眼通道使用创新的综合方法，将模拟和 有针对性的神经药理学和光遗传学干预的同时多电极阵列记录。 我们将回答两个基本问题。首先，我们将确定M，P和K的双目程度 LGN中的神经元。我们将使用LGN记录结合细胞类型特定的光遗传学在 清醒的猕猴在双眼刺激时面临不同的对比度水平。作为第二步，我们 将通过可逆地停用V1来消除对LGN的反馈。使用层流阵列，我们将确定 LGN中的残余活动以及失活皮质中的电流，这提供了LGN的衡量标准 V1的前馈输入。所有实验的结果加在一起将最终决定各自的 灵长类LGN和V1在双眼整合中的作用，对我们全面理解LGN和V1具有重要意义。 灵长类视力及相关临床意义。如果不解决这些问题，双目模型- 远视力将是不完整或不准确的，这将阻碍医学上纠正仓储障碍的进展。 眼睛视力，如弱视和立体盲，总共影响十分之一的人 全世界。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Humans, like all primates, use both eyes in tandem to compute a perceptual interpretation of the visual world. However, binocular vision often fails, causing some of the most common visual disorders such as amblyopia, strabismus, diplopia or stereoblindness. Collectively, binocular visual deficits affect ~10-20% of the population, and the associated problems are generally intractable. Unraveling the neural circuitry that performs binocular integration, which is the goal of the present project, is a critical stepping-stone for developing novel and effec- tive therapeutic approaches. Here, we will fill a pressing gap in our current knowledge about the brain locations and mechanisms that support interocular interactions (cross-talk) between the retinal output of the two eyes. It is still unclear whether the two eyes' signals first meet in the cortex or already interact subcortically. While some data collected in anesthetized cats point to early cross-talk between the two eyes' signals within the tha- lamic relay, other data suggest that this is not the case. The goal of this grant is to resolve the uncertainty be- tween these two alternative possibilities. We will address the question whether there is cross-talk between the two monocular channels before the level of V1 using an innovative, integrative approach that combines simul- taneous multi-electrode array recordings with targeted neuropharmacological and optogenetic interventions. We will answer two fundamental questions. First, we will determine the degree of binocularity of M, P and K neurons in the LGN. We will do so using LGN recordings combined with cell-type specific optogenetics in awake macaques confronted with varying contrast levels during binocular stimulation. As a second step, we will eliminate feedback to the LGN by reversibly inactivating V1. Using laminar arrays, we will determine the residual activity in LGN as well as the current flow in inactivated cortex, which provides a measure of LGN feedforward inputs to V1. The outcome of all experiments combined will conclusively determine the respective roles of primate LGN and V1 for binocular integration, which is of great significance for our general understand- ing of primate vision and associated clinical implications. Without resolving these questions, models of binocu- lar vision will be incomplete or inaccurate, which will hamper medical progress for correcting disorder of bin- ocular vision, such as amblyopia and stereoblindness, which collectively affect one out of every ten people worldwide.