Fathers' Time Spent with Sons and Daughters

父亲与儿子和女儿共度的时光

• 批准号: 9756436
• 负责人: NANCY K. LUKE
• 金额: $ 19.93万
• 依托单位: PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2018-08-15 至 2021-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9756436
• 关键词: Accounting; Address; Age; Asia; Attention; Attitude; Behavior; Belief; Brothers; Caregivers; Child; Child Care; Child Rearing; Data; Daughter; Development; Disadvantaged; Education; Extended Family; Family; Fathers; Fertility; Gatekeeping; Gender; Goals; Health; Housekeeping; Husband; India; Individual; International; Intervention; Investigation; Investments; Life; Link; Measures; Men' s Role; Mothers; Outcome; Parents; Personal Satisfaction; Research; Role; Sampling; Schools; Sex Bias; Sex Discrimination; Siblings; Societies; Son; Surveys; Testing; Time; Typology; Variant; Woman; Women' s Role; Work; boys; caregiving; community health study; diaries; father role; fatherhood; gender difference; gender disparity; girls; grandparent; health equity; insight; men; mortality; novel; parental involvement; policy implication; preference; social; stem; theories; time use

Project Summary Parents are instrumental in the development of their children, and growing research in the U.S. points to the pivotal role of fathers. Father involvement—including time spent with children—has positive impacts on child outcomes. Nevertheless, father involvement is not always equally distributed across sons and daughters. Research in the U.S. finds that fathers spend more time with sons and more time with all children if they have a son. Gender discrimination in fathers' time investments could be even larger in high son-preference settings across Asia, and have a greater impact on the relative well-being of girls and boys. Yet there is scant work on fathers' time investments in high son-preference settings, such as India. The first goal of this project is to conduct analyses using large-scale data from South India to document fathers' time investments in children overall, in sons versus daughters, and by gender composition of siblings in the family (Aim 1). The second goal is to understand what propels fathers' time bias against daughters. We focus on fathers' gender ideology, broadly defined as beliefs toward men's and women's roles in society. Men with egalitarian attitudes view their roles more equally to women's and, therefore, are expected to spend more time in childcare than those who espouse traditional attitudes. Gender theories are completely silent regarding the link between fathers' gender ideology and bias against daughters, however. We suggest that egalitarian fathers will treat sons and daughters more equally and therefore narrow the gender gap in fathers' time investments. Further, our approach recognizes that these relationships could be shaped by mothers' gender ideology. Many mothers in India and elsewhere, given their central responsibility for childrearing, act as gatekeepers who regulate fathers' involvement with children. Thus, mothers' attitudes could influence fathers to curb their time with children, or encourage them to increase their involvement, particularly with daughters. To measure gender ideology, we create a new, multi-dimensional typology using latent class analysis (Aim 2). Using this typology, we tease out which fathers invest more time with their children and display less bias against daughters (Aim 3). We also recognize that any investigation of father involvement with children is incomplete without attention to the larger family context, specifically the extended family in India, including children's grandparents. These individuals could serve as alternative caregivers to fathers and influence fathers' behavior toward sons and daughters. Therefore, accounting for their caregiving time and proximity are crucial. The analysis uses rich data on time use, gender ideologies, and caregiving from the South India Community Health Study (SICHS) in Tamil Nadu, where new roles for fathers coexist with patriarchal preferences for sons. The proposed research addresses a seemingly intractable challenge to health equity globally—gender bias in child investments. Findings regarding how and why fathers treat boys and girls unequally will have important implications for policies and interventions targeting persistent gender disparities in child inputs and outcomes worldwide.

项目摘要 父母对孩子的成长有助于 父亲的关键作用。父亲的参与 - 包括与孩子在一起的时间 - 对 儿童成果。然而，父亲的参与并不总是在儿子和女儿之间平等分布。 美国的研究发现，如果父亲有更多的时间与儿子在一起，如果他们有一个孩子，如果他们有 儿子。父亲的时间投资中的性别歧视在高儿子偏爱环境中可能会更大 在整个亚洲，对女孩和男孩的相对福祉产生了更大的影响。但是有很少的工作 父亲的时间投资在印度等高儿子偏爱环境中。该项目的第一个目标是 使用来自印度南部的大规模数据进行分析，以记录父亲对儿童的时间投资 总体而言，在儿子与女儿中，以及家庭中兄弟姐妹的性别组成（AIM 1）。 第二个目标是了解推动父亲对女儿的时间偏见。我们专注于父亲的 性别意识形态被广泛定义为对男女在社会中的作用的信念。有平等主义者的人 态度认为她们的角色与妇女更加平等，因此，预计将花费更多的时间在托儿服务 比那些拥护传统的人。性别理论在有关之间的联系中完全保持沉默 但是，父亲的性别意识形态和对女儿的偏见。我们建议平等的父亲会对待 儿子和女儿更加平等，因此缩小了父亲时间投资中的性别差距。更远， 我们的方法认识到这些关系可以由母亲的性别意识形态塑造。许多母亲 在印度和其他地方，鉴于他们对育儿的核心责任，充当监管的守门人 父亲与孩子的参与。那样，母亲的参加可能会影响父亲遏制自己的时间 孩子，或鼓励他们增加他们的参与，尤其是与女儿。衡量性别 意识形态，我们使用潜在类别分析创建了一种新的多维类型学（AIM 2）。使用此类型学， 我们逗弄哪个父亲在孩子身上投入更多的时间，而对女儿的偏见更少（AIM 3）。 我们还认识到，父亲参与孩子的任何投资都是不完整的，而无需关注 更大的家庭背景，特别是印度的大家庭，包括儿童祖父母。这些 个人可以作为父亲的替代护理人员，并影响父亲对儿子的行为 女儿。因此，考虑他们的护理时间和接近性至关重要。分析使用丰富 来自南印度社区健康研究（SICHS）的时间使用，性别意识形态和照料数据的数据 泰米尔纳德邦（Tamil Nadu），父亲的新角色与儿子的父权制偏好共存。拟议的研究 解决了全球卫生公平的看似棘手的挑战 - 儿童调查中的性别偏见。 关于父亲如何以及为什么对待男孩和女孩不平等的发现将对 全球儿童投入和结果中持续性别分布的政策和干预措施。