Fathers' Time Spent with Sons and Daughters

父亲与儿子和女儿共度的时光

• 批准号: 9756436
• 负责人: NANCY K. LUKE
• 金额: $ 19.93万
• 依托单位: PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2018-08-15 至 2021-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9756436
• 关键词: Accounting; Address; Age; Asia; Attention; Attitude; Behavior; Belief; Brothers; Caregivers; Child; Child Care; Child Rearing; Data; Daughter; Development; Disadvantaged; Education; Extended Family; Family; Fathers; Fertility; Gatekeeping; Gender; Goals; Health; Housekeeping; Husband; India; Individual; International; Intervention; Investigation; Investments; Life; Link; Measures; Men' s Role; Mothers; Outcome; Parents; Personal Satisfaction; Research; Role; Sampling; Schools; Sex Bias; Sex Discrimination; Siblings; Societies; Son; Surveys; Testing; Time; Typology; Variant; Woman; Women' s Role; Work; boys; caregiving; community health study; diaries; father role; fatherhood; gender difference; gender disparity; girls; grandparent; health equity; insight; men; mortality; novel; parental involvement; policy implication; preference; social; stem; theories; time use

Project Summary Parents are instrumental in the development of their children, and growing research in the U.S. points to the pivotal role of fathers. Father involvement—including time spent with children—has positive impacts on child outcomes. Nevertheless, father involvement is not always equally distributed across sons and daughters. Research in the U.S. finds that fathers spend more time with sons and more time with all children if they have a son. Gender discrimination in fathers' time investments could be even larger in high son-preference settings across Asia, and have a greater impact on the relative well-being of girls and boys. Yet there is scant work on fathers' time investments in high son-preference settings, such as India. The first goal of this project is to conduct analyses using large-scale data from South India to document fathers' time investments in children overall, in sons versus daughters, and by gender composition of siblings in the family (Aim 1). The second goal is to understand what propels fathers' time bias against daughters. We focus on fathers' gender ideology, broadly defined as beliefs toward men's and women's roles in society. Men with egalitarian attitudes view their roles more equally to women's and, therefore, are expected to spend more time in childcare than those who espouse traditional attitudes. Gender theories are completely silent regarding the link between fathers' gender ideology and bias against daughters, however. We suggest that egalitarian fathers will treat sons and daughters more equally and therefore narrow the gender gap in fathers' time investments. Further, our approach recognizes that these relationships could be shaped by mothers' gender ideology. Many mothers in India and elsewhere, given their central responsibility for childrearing, act as gatekeepers who regulate fathers' involvement with children. Thus, mothers' attitudes could influence fathers to curb their time with children, or encourage them to increase their involvement, particularly with daughters. To measure gender ideology, we create a new, multi-dimensional typology using latent class analysis (Aim 2). Using this typology, we tease out which fathers invest more time with their children and display less bias against daughters (Aim 3). We also recognize that any investigation of father involvement with children is incomplete without attention to the larger family context, specifically the extended family in India, including children's grandparents. These individuals could serve as alternative caregivers to fathers and influence fathers' behavior toward sons and daughters. Therefore, accounting for their caregiving time and proximity are crucial. The analysis uses rich data on time use, gender ideologies, and caregiving from the South India Community Health Study (SICHS) in Tamil Nadu, where new roles for fathers coexist with patriarchal preferences for sons. The proposed research addresses a seemingly intractable challenge to health equity globally—gender bias in child investments. Findings regarding how and why fathers treat boys and girls unequally will have important implications for policies and interventions targeting persistent gender disparities in child inputs and outcomes worldwide.

项目摘要 父母在孩子的发展中起着重要作用，美国越来越多的研究表明， 父亲的关键作用。父亲的参与--包括与孩子在一起的时间--对孩子的成长有积极的影响。 儿童成果。然而，父亲的参与并不总是平等地分布在儿子和女儿之间。 美国的一项研究发现，如果父亲有一个孩子，他花更多的时间和儿子在一起， 儿子在重男轻女的背景下，父亲在时间投资上的性别歧视可能会更大 在亚洲各地，对女孩和男孩的相对福祉有更大的影响。然而， 在印度等重男轻女的国家，父亲的时间投入。该项目的第一个目标是 利用来自南印度的大规模数据进行分析，以记录父亲对子女的时间投资 总体而言，在儿子与女儿之间，以及在家庭中兄弟姐妹的性别组成方面（目标1）。 第二个目标是了解是什么推动了父亲对女儿的时间偏见。我们关注父亲的 性别意识形态，广义上定义为对男性和女性在社会中角色的信念。平等主义者 在态度上，她们认为自己的角色与妇女的角色更平等，因此，预计她们会花更多的时间照顾孩子。 而不是那些信奉传统观念的人。性别理论完全没有提到 然而，父亲的性别意识形态和对女儿的偏见。我们建议平等主义的父亲 这将使儿子和女儿更加平等，从而缩小父亲在时间投资方面的性别差距。此外，本发明还 我们的方法认识到，这些关系可能受到母亲性别意识形态的影响。很多妈妈 在印度和其他地方，由于他们对抚养儿童负有主要责任， 父亲对孩子的参与。因此，母亲的态度可能会影响父亲限制他们的时间与 儿童，或鼓励他们增加参与，特别是与女儿。来衡量性别 意识形态，我们创建了一个新的，多维的类型学使用潜在的类分析（目的2）。使用这种类型学， 我们梳理出哪些父亲在孩子身上投入更多的时间，对女儿的偏见更少（目标3）。 我们还认识到，如果不注意以下问题，任何关于父亲与子女关系的调查都是不完整的。 更大的家庭背景，特别是印度的大家庭，包括孩子的祖父母。这些 个人可以作为父亲的替代照顾者，影响父亲对儿子的行为， 女儿因此，计算它们的飞行时间和距离至关重要。该分析使用丰富的 关于时间使用，性别意识形态和来自南印度社区健康研究（SICHS）的数据， 泰米尔纳德邦，父亲的新角色与重男轻女的偏好并存。拟议研究 解决了一个看似棘手的挑战，全球健康公平的性别偏见在儿童投资。 关于父亲如何以及为什么不平等对待男孩和女孩的调查结果将对以下方面产生重要影响： 针对全世界在儿童投入和成果方面持续存在的性别差距的政策和干预措施。