Examining Validity and Sensitivity of Pressure-Mediated Reflection Spectroscopy as a measure of fruit and vegetable consumption in a diverse community

项目总结/摘要 富含水果和蔬菜的饮食（F & V）与营养相关慢性疾病的风险降低有关， 全因死亡率尽管有这些好处，美国人口消费不足的F & V，特别是低 在弱势群体中。低F & V摄入量导致营养相关慢性疾病的发生率较高 在弱势群体中，与更多的弱势群体相比。检测和 需要解决这些人群中F & V摄入不足的问题，以减少这种差异。然而， 没有常用的预测性、客观的F & V摄入量指标，用于监测或确定政策， 干预效果。目前的目标，“金标准”标志F & V摄入量是血液类胡萝卜素 浓度是一种昂贵、耗时且有创的测量方法。传统的自我报告方法 膳食评估不精确，在农村和弱势群体中的实用性降低， 识字、算术和互联网连接能力低。在过去的十年中，皮肤类胡萝卜素的状态评估非- 侵入性拉曼光谱（RRS）已经成为F & V摄入的有前景的生物标志物。 反射光谱（RS）是对RRS的改进，提供更强的信号，更快的数据采集， 并且在市售设备（Veggie Meter，Longevity Link Corporation）中具有更大的便携性。 然而，一个障碍阻碍了RS的广泛用途：到目前为止，几乎所有的非侵入性皮肤 类胡萝卜素的验证已经在非西班牙裔白人中进行，主要是通过RRS。因此，关键是 评估种族和民族多样化人群中的RS。这项提案的核心目标是审查 RS评估的皮肤类胡萝卜素状态作为F & V摄入量的标志的有效性和敏感性， 不同种族的个体样本。首先，我们将检查以下各项之间的关联（RS设备有效性）： RS评估的皮肤类胡萝卜素和客观测量的血浆类胡萝卜素的主要结果， 四个不同群体的自我报告的F & V消费量：非洲裔美国人/黑人，亚洲人，白色人， 西班牙裔/拉丁裔（n = 80/组，每个州40/组，N = 320）。然后我们将进行随机对照试验 为了定义不同种族群体的相对皮肤类胡萝卜素反应（RS设备敏感性）， 与血浆类胡萝卜素反应的比较。我们将进行一项为期8周的随机对照试验， 含类胡萝卜素的果汁干预[安慰剂对照，低（12盎司）高（24 oz.）剂量果汁（29.7 mg 类胡萝卜素或约1.1 C蔬菜当量）/12盎司]在4个遗传分层的种族-民族组中（n = 30/组 * 治疗，N = 360）。最后，我们将调查种族/民族群体差异的遗传基础， 皮肤类胡萝卜素对饮食的反应，通过假设驱动的基因组分析， 2.这项研究的结果将为RS在人口监测研究中的大规模部署做好准备， 以社区为基础的干预试验，最终导致更准确地确定最有效的 减少美国及其他地区与低F & V摄入量相关的健康差异的战略。

Project Summary/ Abstract A diet rich in fruits and vegetables (F&Vs) is associated with lower risk of nutrition-related chronic diseases and all-cause mortality. Despite these benefits, the US population under-consumes F&Vs, with particularly low intake in disadvantaged populations. Low F&V intake results in higher rates of nutrition-related chronic disease among disadvantaged populations when compared with more advantaged populations. Detecting and addressing inadequate F&V intake in these populations is needed to reduce such disparities. Yet, there is still no commonly used predictive, objective measure of F&V intake for surveillance or determination of policy or intervention effectiveness. The current objective, “gold standard” marker of F&V intake is blood carotenoid concentration—an expensive, time-intensive, and invasive measurement. Traditional methods of self-reported dietary assessment are imprecise and have diminished utility in rural and disadvantaged populations due to low literacy, numeracy, and internet connectivity. In the past decade, skin carotenoid status assessed by non- invasive resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) has emerged as a promising biomarker of F&V intake. Reflection spectroscopy (RS) is an improvement over RRS, offering stronger signals, faster data acquisition, and greater portability in a commercially available device (Veggie Meter, Longevity Link Corporation). However, a hurdle impedes deployment of RS for widespread use: to date, nearly all of the non-invasive skin carotenoid validation has been conducted in non-Hispanic whites, primarily by RRS. Therefore, it is critical to evaluate RS in racially and ethnically diverse populations. The central goal of this proposal is to examine validity and sensitivity of RS-assessed skin carotenoid status as a marker of F&V intake in a racially and ethnically diverse sample of individuals. First, we will examine the association (RS Device Validity) between RS-assessed skin carotenoids and the primary outcomes of objectively-measured plasma carotenoids and self-reported F&V consumption across four diverse groups: African-American/Black, Asian, White, and Hispanic/Latino (n=80/group, 40/group per state, N = 320). Then we will conduct a randomized controlled trial to define the relative skin carotenoid responses (RS Device Sensitivity) across racial-ethnic groups, in comparison with plasma carotenoid responses. We will conduct an 8-week randomized controlled trial of a carotenoid-containing juice intervention [placebo control, low (12 oz.) and high (24 oz.) dose juice (29.7 mg carotenoids or ~1.1 c vegetable equivalents)/12 oz.] across 4 genetically-stratified racial-ethnic groups (n = 30/group*treatment, N = 360). Finally, we will investigate the genetic basis for racial/ethnic group differences in skin carotenoid responses to diet through hypothesis-driven genomic analysis of participants from Aims 1 and 2. The results of this study will prepare RS for mass deployment in population surveillance studies and community-based intervention trials, ultimately leading to more accurate determination of the most effective strategies to reduce health disparities related to low F&V intake in the United States and beyond.