Developmental and peer effects on the neurobiology of cognitive control and reward processes

摘要 在青春期出现的酒精和毒品使用问题与更严重的， 持续病程和心理社会功能多个领域的损伤。一个关键的预测损失的 物质使用的控制是奖励和认知控制网络之间激活的差异。 具体来说，相对于控制网络，奖励网络对药物线索的激活越大， 对吸毒行为的控制就越少在青春期，奖励网络的成熟超过了 控制网络，导致偏向冒险时，在奖励线索的存在。在 青少年，而不是成年人，同伴的存在已被证明会增加冒险，因为更大的 激活奖励网络。青少年与同伴相处的时间比成年人和越轨同伴多 联系是酒精和药物使用问题的最强相关性，饮酒是一个特别重要的因素。 与同龄人分享的社交活动。这些神经发育和同龄人的影响结合在一起， 奖励网络则可能是关键的神经生物学和上下文机制， 青少年时期酗酒和吸毒问题增加。 我们将研究奖励和认知控制的神经生物学过程的发展 网络，这些网络上的同伴效应，以及这些神经生物学和上下文过程如何贡献 与青少年的冒险、酗酒和吸毒问题有关。我们将使用 加速纵向队列设计，涵盖学龄前（10-12岁）、学龄中（13-15岁）和 后期（16-18岁）青少年（总N=210），1年和2年随访评估。这种设计 将使我们能够在一半的时间内涵盖10年（10到20岁）的神经生物学发展。我们 协议将包括评估同伴在冒险过程中的奖励激活（红灯任务） 和奖励预期和接收（货币激励延迟）;与外显 接受和拒绝形式的社会反馈（聊天室社会互动任务）;以及基本的 认知控制任务（停止信号），以评估抑制过程。我们预测， 奖励激活过程中的风险承担和奖励接收，这些同伴效应奖励激活将 从青春期前到青春期中期增加。此外，更大的奖励反应和更弱的认知控制将 与对同伴影响的更大敏感性有关。最后，奖励反应越强，认知能力越弱， 控制，以及对同伴存在和明确的社会反馈的更大敏感性将与 更大的酒精和药物使用问题以及共病的外部化和内部化问题。

Abstract Alcohol and drug use problems that onset in adolescence are associated with a more severe and persistent course and impairments in multiple domains of psychosocial functioning. A key predictor of loss of control of substance use is the difference in activation between the reward and cognitive control networks. Specifically, the greater the activation of the reward network to drug cues relative to that of the control network, the less control over drug use behavior. During adolescence, maturation of the reward network outpaces that of the control network, resulting in a bias toward risk-taking when in the presence of reward cues. In adolescents but not adults, the presence of peers has been shown to increase risk-taking due to greater activation of the reward network. Adolescents spend more time with peers than adults and deviant peer affiliation is the strongest correlate of alcohol and drug use problems, and drinking alcohol is an especially social activity shared with peers. The combination of these neurodevelopmental and peer influences on the reward network then may be key neurobiological and contextual mechanisms that account for the large increases in alcohol and drug use problems during adolescence. We will examine the development of the neurobiological processes of the reward and cognitive control networks, peer effects on these networks, and how these neurobiological and contextual processes contribute to risk-taking and alcohol and drug use problems in adolescence using a longitudinal fMRI study. We will use an accelerated longitudinal cohort design that covers pre- (10-12 years-old), middle (13-15 years-old), and later (16-18 years-old) adolescence (total N=210), with 1-year and 2-year follow-up assessments. This design will allow us to cover 10 years (10 to 20 years-old) of neurobiological development in half the time. Our protocol will include an assessment of peer presence on reward activation during risking-taking (stoplight task) and reward anticipation and receipt (monetary incentive delay); neurological processes associated with explicit social feedback in the form of acceptance and rejection (chatroom social interaction task); and a basic cognitive control task (stop signal) to assess inhibitory processes. We predict that peer presence will increase reward activation during risk taking and reward receipt, and that these peer effects on reward activation will increase from pre- to middle adolescence. Further, greater reward reactivity and weaker cognitive control will be associated with greater sensitivity to peer influences. Finally, greater reward reactivity, weaker cognitive control, and greater sensitivity to both peer presence and explicit social feedback will be associated with greater alcohol and drug use problems and comorbid externalizing and internalizing problems.