The effects of dietary selenium on translational control of protein synthesis

硒半胱氨酸在翻译过程中通过一种非常规的机制被整合到硒蛋白中，该机制涉及一个专门的Sec-tRNA，该Sec-tRNA解码UGA密码子，而UGA密码子通常指定终止。这种UGA的翻译“重新定义”是一个高度调控的步骤，不仅对我们理解控制硒蛋白合成的机制感兴趣，而且因为它还提供了一个机会，可以更广泛地研究如何改变翻译延伸和解码过程来调节基因表达。在此，我们建议结合新的深度测序方法和现有的生化方法来研究UGA重新定义的分子机制及其在生理条件下的调控。在Aim 1中，我们将测试关于uga -近端核糖体暂停及其释放在细胞内质网应激时的作用的新假设。我们认为这种现象可能是细胞应激下快速诱导硒蛋白表达的新机制。此外，我们将探讨这些硒蛋白在内质网应激和细胞凋亡过程中的生物学作用。在Aim 2中，我们研究了RNA结构在uga -近端核糖体暂停、内质网应激反应和硒感知中的作用。最后，在Aim 3中，我们将利用高通量测序技术，质谱分析和直接从小鼠组织中分离的硒蛋白核糖核蛋白复合物的RNA结构分析来研究硒如何影响UGA重定义和硒蛋白表达。这些研究将为如何控制翻译延伸和解码过程来调节基因表达提供新的见解。

Selenocysteine is incorporated into selenoproteins during translation by an unconventional mechanism involving a dedicated Sec-tRNA that decodes UGA codons, which normally specify termination. This translational “redefinition” of UGA is a highly regulated step that is of interest not only for our understanding of the mechanisms controlling selenoprotein synthesis but because it also provides an opportunity to examine more generally how the processes of translation elongation and decoding can be altered to regulate gene expression. Here we propose to examine the molecular mechanisms of UGA redefinition and its regulation by physiological conditions using a combination of new deep-sequencing approaches and established biochemical methods. In Aim 1, we will test new hypotheses regarding the role of UGA-proximal ribosome pausing and its release when cells undergo endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We propose this phenomenon to be a novel mechanism to rapidly induce selenoprotein expression in response to cellular stress. Further, we will address the biological role that these selenoproteins play in protection from ER stress and the progression to apoptosis. In Aim 2, we examine the role of RNA structures in UGA-proximal ribosome pausing, response to ER stress, and sensing selenium. Finally, in Aim 3, we will utilize high throughput sequencing techniques, mass spectrometry, and RNA structural analysis of selenoprotein ribonucleoprotein complexes isolated directly from tissues of mice to examine the how selenium effects UGA redefinition and selenoprotein expression. These studies will provide new insights into how the control of translational elongation and the very process of decoding can be altered to regulate gene expression.