Cellular organization, division, and differentiation in an ancient, genetically reduced bacterium

项目摘要/摘要 在这项建议中，我们的目标是定义一个门的分裂和分化的分子机制 完全由生活在渗透稳定的细胞内环境中的细菌组成。在.期间 为了适应细胞内的生命，微生物通常表现出其基因组大小的显著减小，导致 宿主细胞内生命所不需要的代谢和结构元素的丧失。细菌细胞 壁由肽聚糖组成，可以保护大多数细菌免受渗透胁迫，对细胞是必不可少的。 组织。肽聚糖还决定细菌细胞的形状，并通过指导其合成和降解 微生物可以有效地控制细胞的大小和不同发育形式之间的分化。新生的 肽聚糖的生物合成在细菌细胞内通过两个已知的分子在空间和时间上受到限制 复合体：主要与细菌细胞壁合成有关的MreB复合体和FtsZ 复合体，与细胞分裂所需的隔膜肽多糖合成有关。委员会成员 衣原体不编码FtsZ，长期以来一直被认为完全缺乏肽聚糖。我们最近 发现衣原体科的几个成员合成肽多糖，但不用它来形成 典型的细胞壁。取而代之的是，这些微生物只利用其复制形式的隔膜肽聚糖，这是 矛盾的是，由一个MreB复合体维持着。在这里，我们提出了一系列研究，以调查如何 衣原体科成员在整个过程中在时间和空间上限制肽聚糖的合成。 分裂过程，有效地控制细胞大小、分裂和发育形式之间的过渡。 在接下来的五年里，我们计划通过将重点放在以下几个方面来加深我们对这些基本过程的理解 研究的三个主要领域：1)确定引导和影响肽聚糖的机制 在没有FtsZ的情况下的合成和降解，2)表征存在的极性局域特征 衣原体和评估它们在定位肽聚糖和细胞分裂复合体中的作用，以及3) 建立在渗透压稳定的环境中影响细菌细胞大小的关键因素 正常发育的过程和对细胞应激的反应。基因减少的微生物很有吸引力 用于识别基本生理过程的基本组成部分的模型。这些计划 研究将不仅阐明基因减少的微生物如何调节细胞大小和渗透分裂 稳定的环境，但也阐明了广泛保守的分子络合物固有的多功能性 是这些过程的基础。

Project Summary / Abstract In this proposal we aim to define the molecular mechanisms of division and differentiation in a phylum that consists entirely of bacterial species that live in osmotically stable, intracellular environments. During adaptation to intracellular life, microbes often exhibit a significant reduction in their genome size, resulting in the loss of metabolic and structural elements that are not required for life within a host cell. The bacterial cell wall, composed of peptidoglycan, protects most bacterial species from osmotic stress and is essential for cell division. Peptidoglycan also determines a bacterial cell’s shape, and by directing its synthesis and degradation microbes can effectively control cell size and differentiation between developmental forms. Nascent peptidoglycan biosynthesis is spatially and temporally restricted within bacterial cells via two known molecular complexes: the MreB complex, which is primarily associated with bacterial cell wall synthesis, and the FtsZ complex, which is associated with septal peptidoglycan synthesis required during cell division. Members of the Chlamydiae do not encode FtsZ and have long been thought to completely lack peptidoglycan. We recently discovered that several members of the Chlamydiaceae synthesize peptidoglycan but do not use it to form a canonical cell wall. Instead, these microbes utilize only septal peptidoglycan in their replicative forms, which is maintained, paradoxically, by an MreB complex. Here we propose a series of studies to investigate how members of the Chlamydiaceae temporally and spatially restrict peptidoglycan synthesis throughout the division process, efficiently controlling cell size, division, and the transition between developmental forms. Over the next five years we plan to increase our understanding of these fundamental processes by focusing on three major areas of investigation: 1) Identifying the mechanisms that direct and influence peptidoglycan synthesis and degradation in the absence of FtsZ, 2) characterizing polar localizing features present in Chlamydia and assessing their role in orienting peptidoglycan and the cell division complex, and 3) establishing the critical factors that influence bacterial cell size in an osmotically stable environment during the course of normal development and in response to cell stress. Genetically reduced microbes are attractive models for identifying the fundamental components of essential physiological processes. These planned studies will elucidate not only how genetically reduced microbes regulate cell size and divide in osmotically stable environments, but also illuminate the inherent versatility of the broadly conserved molecular complexes underlying these process.