GAZE AND THE VISUAL CONTROL OF FOOT PLACEMENT WHEN WALKING OVER ROUGH TERRAIN

项目总结与摘要 人类在自然环境中的运动需要协调所有级别的 感觉运动层次，来自参与视觉信息处理的皮质区域 以及对皮质下和脊髓结构参与调节的高级计划 步态和姿势。然而，尽管人类运动的神经基础复杂，但输出 是高度规则的，围绕着基本的物理动力学和生物力学组织得很好 定义在太空中移动两足动物身体的稳定性和能量成本。有一个很有钱的 以及越来越多的文献，描述了每个单独组件的详细知识 包括神经机制，肌肉神经力学，以及 生物力学。然而，关于视觉输入如何被使用的研究很少 动态控制运动，以及集成神经网络和 机械系统在复杂和动态的世界中进行自然运动。这种缺失 综合研究不仅限制了来自这些个人的研究影响的广度 学科，但也限制了我们制定适当的运动障碍治疗计划的能力 来自系统层面因素的能力，如衰老、中风和帕金森氏症。在……里面 为了填补我们对人类运动知识的这一关键空白，有必要 开发一项综合研究计划，研究视觉、视觉和视觉之间的相互作用 人类在世界上运动的神经和机械基础。为这位将军服务 目标，本提案概述了旨在解决以下具体悬而未决问题的研究项目 在不同的地形上移动。这项建议包括三个具体的研究和培训 旨在对在崎岖地形上的移动进行视觉控制。目标1关注的是行为 任务本身，目标2调查了在真实世界运动中所经历的感觉刺激， 而《目标3》则考察了视觉上指定的目标与正在进行的步态周期的运动整合。 目标1研究环境不确定性和任务需求变化对凝视的影响 在现实世界崎岖地形上移动时的分配策略。目标2分析和 模拟在现实世界崎岖地形上移动时所经历的视觉刺激。目标3 确定如何将视觉上指定的目标立足点和目标集成到正在进行的 更喜欢稳定的步态。这些目标加在一起将极大地促进我们对 人类如何使用视觉来控制他们在自然界中的运动，这在很大程度上 提高我们开发运动功能丧失的临床诊断和治疗的能力。

PROJECT SUMMARY & ABSTRACT Human locomotion through natural environments requires the coordination of all levels of the sensorimotor hierarchy, from the cortical areas involved in processing of visual information and high level planning to the subcortical and spinal structures involved in the regulation of the gait and posture. However, despite the complex neural bases of human locomotion, the output is highly regular and well organized around the basic physical dynamics and biomechanics that define the stability and energetic costs of moving a bipedal body through space. There is a rich and growing body of literature describing detailed knowledge each of the individual components of human locomotion, including neural mechanisms, muscular neuromechanics, and biomechanics. However, very little research exists on the way that visual input is used to dynamically control locomotion, and the overall control structure of the integrated neural and mechanical system during natural locomotion through a complex and dynamic world. This lack of integrative research not only restricts the breadth of impact of research from these individual disciplines, but also limits our ability to develop adequate treatment plans for loss of locomotor ability deriving from systems-level factors such as aging, stroke, and Parkinson’s disease. In order to to fill this critical gap in our knowledge about human locomotion, it is necessary to develop an integrated research program that examines the interactions between the visual, neural, and mechanical bases of human movement through the world. In service of this general goal, this proposal outlines research projects aimed at specific unanswered questions about locomotion over different terrains. This proposal comprises three specific research and training aims on the visual control of locomotion over rough terrain. Aim 1 focuses on the behavioral task itself, Aim 2 investigates the sensory stimulus experienced during real-world locomotion, and Aim 3 examines the motor integration of visually specified goals into the ongoing gait cycle. Aim 1 investigates effects of changing environmental uncertainty and task demands on gaze allocation strategies during locomotion over real-world rough terrain. Aim 2 analyzes and models the visual stimulus experienced during locomotion over real-world rough terrain. Aim 3 determines how visually specified target footholds and targets are integrated into the ongoing preferred steady-state gait. Together these aims will significantly advance our understanding of how humans use vision to control their movement through the natural world, which greatly increase our ability to develop clinical diagnosis and treatment for loss of locomotor function.