IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF CARDIAC FLOWS

定义心脏血流事件的新方法的发展已经 不断为临床提供重要的新研究领域 心脏病学从心音描记最早的发展到 血流动力学，从标准的脉冲和连续波多普勒到新的彩色 血流图技术和最新的心脏可视化 磁共振成像的动力学和心脏血流。与之相比 流体动力学和体外表征流动的方法，大多数 临床血流成像方法显得过于简单化和半定量 最多也就是。现在在中派生的动态彩色流图和流动图像 许多中心目前还不能定量解释，也不能。 对通过颜色绘制流量图的决定因素有一个清晰的了解 多普勒技术或核磁共振方法。 我们建议开发一系列阶段性的流动幻影，从 用于搏动性心脏血流的可表征的稳定状态的简单开口 模拟多个瓣膜病变的模型。对这些模型的研究 在可重现的流体动力学条件下，体外高精度 流动显示技术.测量和表征将是 所采取的方法，包括计算机化的颗粒定量方法 跟踪、激光多谱勒测速和多流热流 对单独的河流进行单独跟踪的标签。一旦 这些模型内的流动特性已详细记录在案 由于它涉及层流区域，流动会聚区域，高 速度射流的旋转和湍动，这些知识将被用来指导 这些技术的成像与数字采集、重建 并重新显示数据、重新计算和新的显示。这些 调查将产生增强的相关流动现象 心血管系统。对这些事件的理解应该有助于 加快发展所有心脏疾病的量化能力 能够进行流动可视化的成像方式。

The development of new methods for defining cardiac flow events have consistently yielded important new fields of investigation for clinical cardiology from the earliest development of phonocardiography to hemodynamics, from standard pulsed and continuous wave Doppler to new color flow mapping techniques and most recently, visualization of cardiac dynamics and cardiac flows by magnetic resonance imaging. When compared to hydrodynamics and in vitro methods for characterizing flow, most of the clinical flow imaging methods appear oversimplified, and semiquantitative at best. The dynamic color flow maps and flow images now being derived in many centers have not been currently interpretable quantitatively, nor is there a clear understanding of the determinants of flow mapping by color Doppler technologies or MRI methods. We propose the development of a staged series of flow phantoms, from characterizable steady-state simple orifices to pulsatile cardiac flow models with simulated multiple valve lesions. The study of these models under reproducible hydrodynamic conditions with highly accurate in vitro techniques of flow visualization-measurement and characterization will be undertaken, including methods of computerized quantitative particle tracing, laser Doppler anemometry, and multiple flow stream thermal labeling for separate tracing of individual streams. Once the characteristics of flow within these models have been documented in detail as it relates to laminar flow regions, flow convergence regions, high velocity jets swirling and turbulence, this knowledge will be used to guide the imaging of those techniques with digital acquisition, reconstruction and redisplay of the data, recomputation and new displays. These investigations will yield an enhanced relevant flow phenomena within the cardiovascular system. The understanding of these events should aid and accelerate the development of quantitative capabilities for all cardiac imaging modalities capable of flow visualization.