Project 1: KSHV reprograms replication and metabolic activities in hypoxia

项目#1 摘要 KSHV相关癌症发生在缺氧微环境中。缺氧对病毒和宿主DNA的影响 在KSHV感染的情况下的复制知之甚少。我们以前研究过复制 KSHV在常氧细胞培养系统中的表达。我们现在提出一个深入的分析KSHV和感染的宿主细胞 在低氧环境中复制。KSHV，像疱疹病毒家族的许多成员一样， 潜伏和裂解复制周期。在细胞培养系统中，潜伏期是通过细胞培养物的同步化来维持的。 病毒基因组的复制与宿主细胞的复制是细胞周期依赖性的。所以大部分的 潜伏复制活动在每个细胞周期利用宿主机器一次。这些潜伏感染的细胞通常 通过用化学诱导剂处理诱导裂解性复制，并且需要表达许多 病毒编码基因然而，关于病毒基因组在缺氧中的复制知之甚少，并且病毒基因组在缺氧环境中的复制是不稳定的。 抗原需要调节正在进行的代谢变化所需的持久性的病毒基因组， 在受感染的细胞中复制，从而允许繁殖成新的子细胞。我们将探讨这些问题 通过一系列旨在了解细胞和病毒复制蛋白质变化的目标， 与常氧时相比，缺氧时会出现这种情况。我们将研究细胞复制的变化 细胞周期不同阶段的蛋白质及其翻译后修饰。它们在缺氧状态下的水平 以确定复制机器的基本组成部分的变化。另外我们 我会看看他们的转录，以确定这些变化是否是由于在整体转录的变化， 基因，或者如果变化是由于缺氧时HIF 1 α的转录调节。代谢的变化 还将分析与低氧中KSHV阴性细胞相比，在KSHV感染细胞中诱导的酶 以确定这些变化是否是转录重编程。我们将确定代谢基因， 如果复制基因受HIF 1 α调节，则主基因在低氧条件下对KSHV感染的影响可能是异常的。 转录调节因子。我们将确定缺氧期间发生的表观遗传变化， 确定复制基因的表达。我们还将在3D培养系统中进行这些测定， 模仿相关的病理。我们还将产生shRNA敲除或CRISPR敲除的选择的 复制基因和Tet-regulated基因，以确定这些蛋白质在KSHV复制中的作用。 缺氧微环境 14

Project #1 Abstract KSHV-associated cancers occur in hypoxic microenvironments. The effects of hypoxia on viral and host DNA replication in the context of KSHV infection are poorly understood. We have previously investigated the replication of KSHV in normoxia cell culture systems. We now propose an in-depth analysis of KSHV and infected host cell replication in the hypoxic environment. KSHV, like many members of the herpesvirus family undergoes both a latent and a lytic replication cycle. In cell culture systems, latency is maintained through synchronization of the viral genome replication with that of the host cell replication, which is cell cycle dependent. Therefore, most of the latent replication activities utilize the host machinery once per cell cycle. These latently infected cells are typically induced to lytic replication through treatment with chemical inducers and requires the expression of a number of viral encoded genes. However, little is known regarding replication of the virus genome in hypoxia, and the viral antigens needed to regulate the ongoing metabolic changes required for persistence of the viral genome through replication in infected cells that allow for propagation into new daughter cells. We will approach these questions through a number of aims geared towards understanding the changes in the cellular and viral replication proteins that occur in hypoxia compared to that seen in normoxia. We will examine the changes in cellular replication proteins at different phases of the cell cycle, and their post-translational modification. Their levels in hypoxia will be analyzed to determine the changes in the essential components of the replication machinery. In addition, we will look at their transcription to determine if these changes are due to changes in the overall transcription of the genes or if the changes are due to transcription modulation by HIF1α in hypoxia. The changes in metabolic enzymes that are induced in KSHV infected cells compared to KSHV negative cells in hypoxia will also be analyzed to determine if the changes are transcriptionally reprogrammed. We will determine the metabolic genes that are dysregulated on KSHV infection in hypoxia and if the replication genes are regulated by HIF1α, the master transcription regulator in hypoxia. We will determine the epigenetic changes that occur during hypoxia that will determine the expression of the replication genes. We will also perform these assays in 3D culture systems to mimic the associated pathologies. We will also generate shRNA knockdown or CRISPR knockout of selected replication genes, and Tet-regulated genes to determine the contribution of these proteins in KSHV replication in the hypoxic microenvironment. 14