Race and HIV-risk: Contextual and neurocognitive influences on sex partnerships

种族和艾滋病毒风险：背景和神经认知对性伙伴关系的影响

• 批准号: 7554693
• 负责人: Leah j Floyd
• 金额: $ 20.44万
• 依托单位: JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-07-01 至 2011-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7554693
• 关键词: 1 year old; AIDS prevention; AIDS/HIV diagnosis; AIDS/HIV problem; Address; Adverse effects; Affect; African American; Alcohol or Other Drugs use; Area; Attention; Behavior; Cause of Death; Characteristics; Communities; Consultations; Contracts; Decision Making; Disadvantaged; Drug Addiction; Drug abuse; Drug usage; Economic Factors; Economics; Epidemic; Epidemiology; Ethnic Origin; Fellowship; Female; Funding; Gender; HIV; Health; Health behavior; Individual; Individual Differences; Inequality; Infection; Injection of therapeutic agent; Life; Life Cycle Stages; Link; Literature; Marketing; Mediating; Mental Health; Modeling; Morbidity - disease rate; National Institute of Drug Abuse; Neighborhoods; Neurocognitive; Pathway interactions; Pattern; Peripheral; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Population; Poverty; Prevention Research; Prevention program; Preventive Intervention; Problem Solving; Process; Psychology; Public Health; Race; Recording of previous events; Reporting; Research; Research Personnel; Research Project Grants; Risk; Risk Behaviors; Risk Factors; Risk-Taking; Science; Sex Behavior; Sexual Partners; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Social Change; Social Characteristics; Social Environment; Social Impacts; Social Network; Socioeconomic Status; Structure; Substance abuse problem; Time; Training Programs; United States; Universities; Unsafe Sex; Woman; Work; base; condoms; deprivation; design; drug distribution; drug market; economic cost; health disparity; high risk; insight; low socioeconomic status; male; member; men; professor; psychosocial; public health relevance; racial/ethnic difference; response; segregation; sex; sex risk; sexual relationship; social; social inequality; socioeconomics; theories; young adult

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The primary aim of this R21 application in response to NIDA's ANSWHR Initiative (PAS-07-381) is to address gaps in literature focused on HIV risk and disparities among females. In the United States as rates have increased among females, the rate of HIV/AIDS diagnoses for African American females approaches 25 times the rate for white females. Despite the broad base of findings documenting health disparities in HIV, extant studies cannot explain why African Americans continue to be disproportionately affected. Currently, there is a hidden HIV epidemic among young adult African American females with no history of substance abuse. These women are at increased risk for contracting HIV by virtue of their social networks. The proposed study requests two years of support for a cross sectional epidemiologic examination of racial/ethnic differences in sexual partnerships among 220 females (110 Black and 110 White) residing in low socioeconomic status (SES) neighborhoods. Guided by ecosocial theory, we seek to explain why these differences exist across race/ethnicity. We will consider the extent to which neighborhood social and economic factors (e.g., drug markets) interact with race/ethnicity to produce different levels of HIV risk. We will expand drug abuse and HIV prevention research by, in addition to considering individual differences, examining the influences of neighborhood drug markets on the sexual behaviors, sexual partnerships and rates of a sexually transmitted disease among young adult females residing in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Finally, the proposed study will move beyond descriptive social epidemiology and into identifying neurocognitive processes that mediate/moderate relationships between neighborhood factors and individual behavior. As, a small yet growing base of research suggests, to the extent that individuals are able to make decisions, solve problems and control impulses, neurocognitive functions may serve as protective factors or pathways through which external social factors influence individual behavior. Identifying social factors that influence partner selection and individual level factors that may serve to reduce the adverse effects of living in disadvantage neighborhoods will inform HIV prevention interventions for African American and underserved women. If successful, the proposed research project: (1) should provide insight into why African American females have higher rates of HIV than their white counterparts; (2) highlight the importance of considering the contextual influences of drugs, that is the influence of drug markets on social structures and sexual norms and behaviors; and (3) identify modifiable individual level factors linking neighborhood social and economic factors to individual HIV risk behaviors. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Currently, there is a hidden HIV epidemic among young adult African American females with no history of substance abuse. These women are at increased risk for contracting HIV by virtue of their social/sexual networks. If successful, the proposed research project: (1) should provide insight into why African American females have higher rates of HIV than their white counterparts; (2) highlight the importance of considering the contextual influences of drugs, that is how drug markets change social structures and altered sexual norms and behaviors of entire communities; and (3) increase understanding of the processes through which neighborhood factors influence HIV risk.

描述（由申请人提供）：响应NIDA的ANSWHR倡议（PAS-07-381）的R21应用程序的主要目的是解决文献中的差距，重点是艾滋病毒风险和女性之间的差异。在美国，随着女性感染率的上升，非裔美国女性的艾滋病毒/艾滋病诊断率接近白色女性的25倍。尽管有广泛的调查结果记录了艾滋病毒的健康差异，但现有的研究无法解释为什么非裔美国人继续受到不成比例的影响。目前，在没有药物滥用史的年轻成年非洲裔美国女性中存在隐藏的艾滋病毒流行病。由于她们的社交网络，这些妇女感染艾滋病毒的风险更大。拟议的研究要求两年的支持，在220名女性（110名黑人和110名白色）居住在低社会经济地位（SES）社区的性伙伴关系的种族/民族差异的横断面流行病学检查。在生态社会理论的指导下，我们试图解释为什么这些差异存在于种族/民族之间。我们将考虑邻里社会和经济因素（例如，毒品市场）与种族/族裔相互作用，产生不同程度的艾滋病毒风险。我们将扩大药物滥用和艾滋病毒预防研究，除了考虑个体差异，研究社区毒品市场对性行为的影响，性伙伴关系和居住在弱势社区的年轻成年女性性传播疾病的发病率。最后，拟议的研究将超越描述性社会流行病学，并确定神经认知过程，调解/调解邻里因素和个人行为之间的关系。一个小但不断增长的研究基础表明，在某种程度上，个人能够做出决定，解决问题和控制冲动，神经认知功能可能作为保护因素或途径，通过外部社会因素影响个人行为。确定影响伴侣选择的社会因素和可能有助于减少生活在弱势社区的不利影响的个人因素，将为非洲裔美国人和服务不足的妇女提供艾滋病毒预防干预措施。如果成功的话，拟议的研究项目：（1）应该深入了解为什么非洲裔美国女性比白色女性有更高的艾滋病毒感染率;（2）强调考虑毒品的背景影响的重要性，即毒品市场对社会结构和性规范和行为的影响;（3）识别可改变的个体水平因素，将邻里社会和经济因素与个体HIV风险行为联系起来。 公共卫生相关性：目前，在没有药物滥用史的年轻成年非洲裔美国女性中存在隐藏的艾滋病毒流行病。这些妇女由于其社会/性关系网，感染艾滋病毒的风险更大。如果成功的话，拟议的研究项目：（1）应该深入了解为什么非洲裔美国女性的艾滋病毒感染率高于白色女性;（2）强调考虑毒品的背景影响的重要性，即毒品市场如何改变整个社区的社会结构和改变性规范和行为;以及（3）增加对邻里因素影响HIV风险的过程的理解。