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DNA Identification in the Aftermath of Genocide and Mass Violence

种族灭绝和大规模暴力事件后的 DNA 鉴定

基本信息

批准号：
7636864
负责人：
Jay David Aronson
金额：
$ 7.63万
依托单位：
CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2008
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2008-06-12 至 2011-05-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7636864
关键词：
Accounting Affect Africa African Americas Anthropology Asia Balkans Biotechnology Bosnia-Herzegovina Caring Case Study Cessation of life Communities Complex Conceptions Conflict (Psychology)DNA DNA Fingerprinting Development Dimensions Eastern Europe Emotional Ensure Equilibrium Ethical Issues Ethics Ethnography Exhumation Family Forensic Medicine Funding Future Genetic Goals Healed Hearing Hostility Human Rights Human Rights Abuses Individual Institutionalization International Interview Investigation Justice Legal Legal system Link Literature Mediation Middle East Names Oral Persons Policies Politics Principal Investigator Procedures Process Publishing Recommendation Recording of previous events Red Cross Regulation Relative (related person)Research Role Science Societies South Africa Technology Testing Therapeutic Time Trauma Violence Voice War Work Yugoslavia authority genetic technology grasp healing interest perpetrators programs psychosocial response social tool

项目摘要

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Over the past two decades, forensic DNA profiling has become an important tool in the investigation of human rights abuse and genocide. There is, however, little understanding of the ethical, historical, political, psychosocial, or policy dimensions of this application of genetic technology. The lack of a well-developed body of relevant research, and few regulations to guide the implementation of humanitarian DNA identification projects, means that organizations and individuals must develop their own ad hoc rules and procedures for the identification process. The same problems have arisen in numerous situations, often leading to continued hostility and a lack of closure. This project will contribute to empirical literature on humanitarian DNA identification, and inform the development of concrete policy recommendations. Using theoretical approaches from science and technology studies, anthropology, history, subaltern studies, and studies of trauma and reconciliation, the principal investigator will systematically analyze two major cases: the use of DNA profiling by the International Commission for Missing Persons in the former Yugoslavia to identify the 40,000-plus missing people from the Balkan Wars of the 1990s; and the South African National Prosecuting Authority's efforts to locate and identify the 2000-plus missing people from the apartheid era. The specific aims are to: 1) describe the historical development of these DNA identification programs; 2) examine the ethical and political dimensions of individually identifying victims of human rights abuse; 3) investigate the psychosocial dimensions of DNA identification; and 4) analyze the impacts of DNA identification projects at the individual, community, inter-group, and political levels. This project will also explore several major ethical issues that are inextricably linked with these aims, including, for example: the role of private biotechnology companies (and the profit motive) in humanitarian projects; how to determine whether or not DNA testing is in the best interest of a particular community; balancing the evidentiary needs of the legal system with the therapeutic needs of families and communities; and what should be done about the discovery of bodies from previous conflicts that are still symbolically and politically relevant. This research will combine documentary and archival research with oral history interviews and ethnography. Care will be taken to ensure that the voices of ordinary people affected by DNA identification are heard and that their perspectives are incorporated into all final work products. In addition to being published as individual case studies, academic articles, and presentations, this research will become part of the principal investigator's larger project on science and human rights, entitled Accounting for the Dead: Science, Politics, and Identity in the Aftermath of Genocide and Mass Violence.

描述（由申请人提供）：在过去的二十年中，法医 DNA 分析已成为调查侵犯人权和种族灭绝的重要工具。然而，人们对基因技术应用的伦理、历史、政治、社会心理或政策层面知之甚少。由于缺乏完善的相关研究机构，而且指导人道主义 DNA 鉴定项目实施的法规也很少，这意味着组织和个人必须为鉴定过程制定自己的临时规则和程序。同样的问题在许多情况下都出现过，常常导致持续的敌对和缺乏解决。该项目将为人道主义 DNA 识别的实证文献做出贡献，并为具体政策建议的制定提供信息。首席研究员将运用科技研究、人类学、历史学、底层研究、创伤与和解研究等理论方法，系统分析两个重大案例：前南斯拉夫国际失踪人员委员会利用DNA分析识别1990年代巴尔干战争中4万多名失踪人员；以及南非国家检察机关为寻找和确认种族隔离时代 2000 多名失踪人口所做的努力。具体目标是：1）描述这些DNA鉴定程序的历史发展； 2) 审查单独识别侵犯人权受害者的道德和政治层面； 3) 调查DNA鉴定的社会心理维度； 4) 分析 DNA 鉴定项目在个人、社区、群体间和政治层面的影响。该项目还将探讨与这些目标密切相关的几个主要道德问题，例如：私营生物技术公司（以及利润动机）在人道主义项目中的作用；如何确定 DNA 检测是否符合特定社区的最大利益；平衡法律制度的证据需求与家庭和社区的治疗需求；以及对于在以前的冲突中发现的仍然具有象征意义和政治意义的尸体应该采取什么措施。这项研究将文献和档案研究与口述历史访谈和民族志相结合。我们将注意确保受 DNA 鉴定影响的普通人的声音能够被听到，并将他们的观点纳入所有最终工作产品中。除了以个案研究、学术文章和演示文稿的形式发表外，这项研究还将成为首席研究员关于科学和人权的大型项目的一部分，该项目名为“对死者的核算：种族灭绝和大规模暴力之后的科学、政治和身份”。