Genetic, hormone, and family environmental influences on adolescent substance use

描述（由申请人提供）：了解物质使用问题的发展是一个至关重要的健康问题，因为处理与物质使用相关的伤害、疾病、死亡、犯罪、执法和生产力损失的个人健康和全国经济成本。本应用程序中描述的研究旨在检查青少年物质使用发展的机制，目的是确定预防物质使用的目标。基因、激素和家庭环境对物质使用发展的作用途径尚不完全清楚，部分原因是研究没有在同一概念模型中考虑到这些影响。推动我的研究计划的中心假设是，父母的消极情绪是一种机制，可以调节遗传、激素和行为风险对青少年物质使用问题的影响。具体而言，拟议的研究将澄清（目标1）父母的消极态度与青少年物质使用之间的关联是否出现是因为父母对青少年受遗传影响的物质使用的反应增加了父母的消极态度，或者物质使用是否出现是因为父母传递基因和消极的养育方式，两者都影响物质使用，或者通过直接的环境影响。这项研究还将显示（目的2）父母的消极情绪是否会调节激素反应性和物质使用风险之间的关系（外化精神病理学）。总之，这些研究结合我之前的研究将阐明父母教养、激素和遗传风险如何与物质使用的发展相关，并研究亲子关系如何改变物质使用问题风险的生物学影响。通过研究目标中的发现，我将完善一个概念性模型，考虑到遗传、激素和家庭环境对青少年物质使用的影响的交易性、发展性。这项资助的成果将是三份手稿：两份展示来自每个研究目标的发现，一份展示精炼的概念模型和支持证据。我的职业目标是开展跨学科研究，旨在了解物质使用的发展。本文的研究是我实现职业目标的第一步。为了更好地为我的职业生涯做好准备，进行纵向研究，研究基因-环境相互作用和激素在家庭背景下对物质使用发展的影响，我正在寻求额外的培训，以1)进一步发展将物质使用概念化和理解为一种表型的技能，2)加强我对行为内分泌学在青少年物质使用风险中的作用的理解。3)在青少年物质使用发展的交易性发展模型中，充分整合家庭环境影响、遗传和激素影响。药物使用、行为内分泌学、家庭过程和研究伦理方面的培训是完成研究目标不可或缺的一部分，也为我成为一名NIH资助的研究人员调查青少年药物使用的发展做好了准备。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Understanding the development of substance use problems is a vital health concern because of individual health and nationwide economic costs of dealing with substance use related injury, illness, death, crime, law enforcement, and lost productivity1. The research described in this application is designed to examine mechanisms of development of adolescent substance use, with the aim of identifying targets for prevention of substance use. Pathways by which genes, hormones, and family environments operate for the development of substance use are not fully understood, in part because studies have not considered each of these influences together in the same conceptual model. The central hypothesis driving my program of research is that parental negativity is a mechanism modifying the influence of genetic, hormonal, and behavioral risk for substance use problems during adolescence. Specifically, the proposed research will clarify (aim 1) whether the association between parental negativity and adolescent substance use arises because parents respond to adolescents' genetically influenced substance use in such a way that increases parental negativity, or if substance use arises because parents pass on genes and negative parenting, both influencing substance use, or through direct environmental influences. This research will also show (aim 2) whether parental negativity moderates the association between hormone reactivity and risk for substance use (externalizing psychopathology). Together, these studies combined with my previous research will clarify how parenting, hormone, and genetic risk are related in the development of substance use, and examine how parent-child relationships can modify biological influences on risk for substance use problems. Through findings in the research aims, I will refine a conceptual model considering the transactional, developmental nature of genetic, hormone, and family environmental influences on adolescent substance use. The product of this grant will be three manuscripts: two presenting findings from each research aim, and one presenting the refined conceptual model and supporting evidence. My career goal is to conduct interdisciplinary research with the aim to understand the development of substance use. This dissertation research is a first step toward my career goal. To better prepare myself for my career conducting longitudinal research that addresses gene-environment interplay and hormone functioning in the family context for the development of substance use, I am seeking additional training to 1) further develop skills at conceptualizing and understanding substance use as a phenotype, 2) strengthen my understanding of the role of behavioral endocrinology on risk for substance use during adolescence, and 3) fully integrate family environmental influences with genetic and hormone influences in the transactional developmental model of the development of adolescent substance use. Training in substance use, behavioral endocrinology, family processes, and research ethics are integral to completing the research aims, and preparing me for a career in which I am a NIH funded researcher investigating the development of adolescent substance use. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Adolescent substance use is a pervasive public health problem with lasting implications for later, costly substance use problems. This research aims to disentangle genetic, hormone, and family environmental influences on adolescent substance use with the goal of clarifying prevention and intervention targets.