Extinction and Recovery in Associative Learning

联想学习中的消退与恢复

• 批准号: 8258569
• 负责人: MARK E BOUTON
• 金额: $ 33.75万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT & ST AGRIC COLLEGE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2001-12-01 至 2017-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8258569
• 关键词: Address; Affect; Agonist; Behavior; Behavioral; Brain; Cigarette; Clinical; Clinical Treatment; Consumption; Cues; Cycloserine; Diet; Drug abuse; Drug user; Eating; Emotions; Exposure to; Extinction (Psychology); Failure; Food; Food deprivation (experimental); Gambling; Goals; Human; Hunger; Hyperphagia; Individual; Laboratories; Learning; Literature; Methods; N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors; Operant Conditioning; Organism; Performance; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Play; Prevention; Problem behavior; Process; Psychological reinforcement; Rattus; Recovery; Relapse; Research; Role; Satiation; Signal Transduction; Smoker; Smoking; Source; Stimulus; Testing; Thinking; Work; behavior change; cigarette smoking; classical conditioning; conditioned fear; drug seeking behavior; food consumption; insight; learning extinction; prevent; receptor; reinforcer; research study; response; therapy design; tool

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This project is concerned with understanding extinction, the loss of learned performance that occurs when a Pavlovian signal or an instrumental action is repeatedly presented without its reinforcer. Extinction is a naturally-occurring process of behavior change, as well as a tool used in clinical treatments designed to eliminate unwanted thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in humans. Although it is tempting to assume that extinction erases the original learning, extinguished performance readily recovers, and several recovery effects (e.g., renewal, reinstatement, rapid reacquisition, spontaneous recovery, and resurgence) indicate that the original learning may be largely intact. In addition, because these effects can be interpreted as effects of changing the background or "context," they suggest that extinction results from new inhibitory learning that is especially sensitive to the context in which it is learned. The goal of this project is to seek an integrated understanding of extinction as it is revealed in these and other response-recovery processes. It will focus especially on the extinction of instrumental (operant) learning, because principles of operant learning are crucial for understanding a range of behavior problems-such as smoking, drug abuse, and eating and overeating-in which voluntary contact with reinforces plays an essential role. The experiments will involve rats as subjects. One set will test new methods for reducing the "renewal effect" (in which extinguished behavior relapses when the context is changed after extinction) and "resurgence" (in which a behavior has been extinguished and replaced by a second behavior relapses when the replacement behavior is itself extinguished). Another set will examine ways to inhibit "rapid reacquisition" (in which an extinguished action rapidly spirals into relapse when action-reinforcer pairings are reintroduced) and test the effects of hunger as a contextual stimulus influencing relapse. A third set will analyze the extinction-enhancing effects of administering D-cycloserine (a partial agonist of a brain receptor that is thought to play a role in learning), as well as new hypotheses about how to enhance the generalization of extinction to new contexts. A fourth set will analyze the extinction of sequences or "chains" of behavior in which the subject must purchase (or procure) access to the reinforcer before she can consume (or "take") it. The results will increase our understanding of extinction, a fundamental behavioral and clinical phenomenon, and develop new ways to help promote extinction learning so as to minimize lapse and relapse. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Instrumental learning is the source of many unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking, drug abuse, and overeating. The proposed research will study the elimination of instrumental behavior through extinction, a form of learning in which humans and other organisms learn to inhibit their actions. The findings will help develop new conceptual tools and methods to promote the durability of extinction learning, and thus reduce the possibility of lapse and relapse.

描述（由申请人提供）：这个项目是关于了解灭绝，当一个巴甫洛夫信号或一个工具性动作反复出现而没有它的替代者时，学习性能的损失。灭绝是一种自然发生的行为改变过程，也是一种用于临床治疗的工具，旨在消除人类不想要的想法，情绪和行为。虽然很容易假设灭绝会擦除原始学习，但灭绝的性能很容易恢复，并且有几种恢复效果（例如，更新、恢复、快速重新获得、自发恢复和复苏）表明原始学习可能基本上完好无损。此外，由于这些效应可以被解释为改变背景或“语境”的效应，他们认为消退是由新的抑制性学习引起的，这种学习对学习的语境特别敏感。该项目的目标是寻求对灭绝的综合理解，因为它揭示了这些和其他响应恢复过程。它将特别关注工具性（操作性）学习的消失，因为操作性学习的原则对于理解一系列行为问题至关重要，如吸烟、滥用药物、进食和暴饮暴食，在这些行为问题中，与强化物的自愿接触起着至关重要的作用。这些实验将以老鼠为实验对象。其中一组将测试减少“更新效应”（当灭绝后的环境发生变化时，被灭绝的行为会复发）和“复活”（当替代行为本身消失时，一种行为已经被灭绝并被第二种行为取代）的新方法。另一组将研究如何抑制“快速重新获得”（即当重新引入动作-重复配对时，被熄灭的动作迅速螺旋式地进入复发），并测试饥饿作为影响复发的背景刺激的影响。第三组将分析给予D-环丝氨酸（一种被认为在学习中起作用的大脑受体的部分激动剂）的增强作用，以及关于如何增强灭绝到新环境的泛化的新假设。第四组将分析行为序列或“链”的灭绝，其中受试者必须在消费（或“服用”）之前购买（或获得）获得药物。结果将增加我们对灭绝的理解，这是一种基本的行为和临床现象，并开发新的方法来帮助促进灭绝学习，以尽量减少失误和复发。 公共卫生相关性：工具性学习是许多不健康行为的根源，如吸烟、吸毒和暴饮暴食。这项拟议中的研究将研究通过灭绝消除工具性行为，这是一种人类和其他生物学会抑制自己行为的学习形式。这些发现将有助于开发新的概念工具和方法，以促进灭绝学习的持久性，从而减少失误和复发的可能性。