Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Normal and Dystrophic Mammalian Muscle

描述(由申请人提供)：这项建议的总体目标是深入了解哺乳动物骨骼肌中dystrophin糖蛋白复合体(DGC)的改变和兴奋-收缩偶联(ECC)过程损害之间的机制联系。这一功能特征将在人类肌营养不良症的各种动物模型的肌肉纤维中实现。我们发现，在两个这样的模型中，成年MDX小鼠和高表达表型SSPN的小鼠(SSPN-TG)的肌肉纤维中，动作电位(AP)(或电压钳脉冲)引起的钙释放明显小于野生型纤维。我们假设DGC的破坏破坏了对横管系统(TTS)和肌浆网(SR)的结构和功能支持，从而削弱了ECC过程。我们将首先研究在Duchenne肌营养不良症(DMD)的动物模型中，Duchenne肌营养不良症(DMD)中缺乏dystrophin的MDX小鼠的钙释放障碍的机制(AIM 1)。然而，由于MDX小鼠的表型变化相对较轻，可能是由于DGC中的utroin替代，因此也将在表现出与DMD患者更相似表型的MDX/utroin(MDX/Utr-/-)双基因敲除小鼠中进行实验(目标2)。为了进一步确定DGC完整性和完全功能的ECC之间的联系，我们将利用我们通过体内电穿孔表达DGC蛋白的能力，并使用具有其他遗传条件改变DGC的转基因动物模型(例如SSPN-TG和UTR-Tet)。该提案的最后一个目标是使用双光子激光扫描显微镜(TPLSM)研究具有代表性的DGC蛋白质组分的亚细胞分布，以评估它们是否仅与肌膜相关，或者它们是否具有与Z线和TTS相关的更普遍的分布。这一特征将帮助我们理解DGC在ECC和肌膜完整性方面的功能(目标3)。这些研究将通过使用电生理和最先进的光学方法进行，如F“ster共振能量转移(FRET)和全内反射荧光显微镜(TIRFM)，以评估DGC和ECC蛋白质在表面和TTS膜内外叶的纳米级定位。公共卫生相关性：在Duchenne肌营养不良症(DMD)中，肌肉缺乏肌营养不良蛋白，这是肌营养不良蛋白-糖蛋白复合体(DGC)的组成部分。我们发现，在广泛使用的DMD动物模型MDX小鼠的肌肉纤维中缺乏dystrophin，削弱了它们在电刺激下从肌浆网释放钙的能力，从而解释了DGC病理中观察到的肌肉无力。我们现在建议研究DGC改变与钙释放不足之间的联系机制。这一结果将极大地拓宽我们对肌肉疾病机制的理解，并可能提供被认为是进一步推进基因治疗所必需的治疗分子工具。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this proposal is to obtain an in-depth understanding of the mechanistic links between alterations of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC) and impairment of the excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) process in mammalian skeletal muscle. This functional characterization will be achieved in muscle fibers from various animal models of human muscular dystrophies. We have found that Ca2+ release evoked by action potentials (APs) (or voltage-clamp pulses) in muscle fibers from two of such models, the adult mdx mouse and the phenotypic sarcospan (SSPN) overexpressing mouse (SSPN-Tg), is significantly smaller than in wild type fibers. We hypothesize that disruption of the DGC undermines the structural and functional support for the transverse tubular system (TTS) and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), thus attenuating the ECC process. We will first investigate the mechanisms responsible for the impairment of Ca2+ release in mdx mice (Aim 1), the most prevalently used animal model for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), which lacks dystrophin in the DGC. However, since the phenotypic alterations in mdx mice are relatively benign, possibly due to utrophin substitution in the DGC, experiments will be also carried out in double knockout mdx/utrophin (mdx/utr-/-) mice that display a phenotype more comparable to that in DMD patients (Aim 2). To further characterize the link between the DGC integrity and a fully functional ECC, we will take advantage of our ability to express DGC proteins by in vivo electroporation and use transgenic animal models with other genetic conditions altering the DGC (e.g. SSPN-Tg, and Utr-TET). The last goal of the proposal is to investigate, using 2-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) the subcellular distribution of representative DGC protein components in order to assess if they are associated exclusively with the sarcolemma or if they have a more ubiquitous distribution in association with the Z-line and the TTS. This characterization will help us understand the function of the DGC in terms of ECC and sarcolemmal integrity (Aim 3). These investigations will be carried out by using electrophysiological and state-of-the-art optical methods, such as F"ster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), to also assess the nanoscale localization of DGC and ECC proteins with respect to the internal and external leaflets of the surface and TTS membranes. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: In Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) the muscles lack the protein dystrophin, an integral component of a dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC). We have discovered that the absence of dystrophin in the muscle fibers of the mdx mouse, a widely used animal model of DMD, impairs their ability to release Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to electrical stimulation, thus explaining the muscle weakness observed in the DGC pathology. We now propose to investigate the mechanisms that link DGC alterations with a deficient Ca2+ release. The results will significantly broaden our understanding of muscle disease mechanisms and will potentially provide therapeutic molecular tools which are deemed necessary for further advances in gene therapy.