Picture Naming Electrified: Brain Electrophysiological Correlates

描述（由申请人提供）：产生语音涉及在认知水平上处理语言信息（此后称为心理语言学规划），同时在语音运动水平上保持控制。言语病理学家在诊断和治疗成年口吃时密切关注后者，而很少关注驱动言语产生的认知机制的表现。心理语言学规划主要涉及词汇知识在说话过程中的认知加工，这种加工在某种程度上可以通过图片命名来引发。驱动图片命名的三种心理语言学机制是：1）激活扩散。单词被激活，并在心理词典中竞争选择，从而命名图片。2)词汇检索。当一个词被选中时，它的语义和语音特征被检索出来，并被用来生成语言蓝图或表面结构。3)内部错误监控。语言蓝图在转化为言语运动之前被监测其准确性。流利和准确的口语取决于这些机制的效率，就像它取决于言语运动控制一样。因此，一个至关重要的目标是表征口吃的成年人（AWS）的心理语言机制。行为心理语言学的研究进行到目前为止，已在其能力有限，以满足这一目标。在这里，一个创新的认知神经科学的方法，涉及事件相关电位（ERP），将被利用。ERP是大脑电生理活动的反射性变化，在头皮上非侵入性地记录，可以以毫秒级的精度索引特定的心理机制。当人们准备给图片命名并对他们生成的图片名称做出词汇决定时，ERPs可以被记录下来。在图片命名的路径上引起的ERPs可能包括几个组件，其中一些组件通过激活扩散、词汇提取和内部错误监控的幅度和延迟的变化来响应，分别在真实的时间中展开。在三个实验中，这些ERP组件将在AWS中与不口吃的成年人（AWNS）进行比较，以回答以下问题：1）激活扩散是否通常在AWS中运行，如在图片-单词启动任务期间引发的N400 ERP组件的幅度所证明的那样？2)词汇提取是否沿着一个典型的时间进程在AWS中运行，正如在双选择词汇决策任务中两个ERP组件--偏侧化准备潜力和NoGo N200 --的时间进程中所证明的那样？3)内部错误监控是否通常在AWS中运行，如在强迫错误词汇决策任务期间引起的错误相关负性的幅度所证明的那样？结果将揭示是否在AWS的脑电生理活动可能不同于AWNS的心理语言学机制，介导的激活，检索和监测的词汇知识的路径上的图片命名。研究结果将对发展以心理语言学为中心的口吃临床诊断和干预工具产生影响。 公共卫生相关性：虽然有效的心理语言规划是必要的流利和准确的语音生产，心理语言性能不是一个标准的考虑在临床诊断和治疗成人口吃。准确了解AWS如何激活，检索和监控说话过程中的词汇知识可以提高口吃干预的有效性，这是培养口吃成年人的心理社会和职业前景的重要目标。本研究的结果将对口吃的心理语言学评估和治疗工具的发展产生影响。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Producing speech involves processing linguistic information at a cognitive level (henceforth, psycholinguistic planning) while, simultaneously, maintaining control at a speech motor level. Speech-language pathologists pay close attention to the latter in the diagnosis and treatment of adulthood stuttering, while little if any attention is paid to the performance of the cognitive machinery driving speech production. Psycholinguistic planning largely involves the cognitive processing of lexical knowledge on the path to speaking; processing that can, to some extent, be elicited via picture naming. Three psycholinguistic mechanisms that drive picture naming are: 1) Activation spreading. Words are activated and compete for selection in the mental lexicon on the path to picture naming. 2) Lexical retrieval. When a word is selected its semantic and phonological features are retrieved and used to generate a linguistic blueprint, or surface structure. 3) Internal error monitoring. The linguistic blueprint is monitored for accuracy before being transformed into speech motor movements. Fluent and accurate speaking depends as much on the efficiency with which these mechanisms operate as it does on speech motor control. Thus, a crucially important aim is to characterize psycholinguistic mechanisms in adults who stutter (AWS). Behavioral psycholinguistic research conducted to date has been limited in its ability to meet this aim. Here, an innovative cognitive neuroscientific approach, involving event-related potentials (ERPs), will be utilized. ERPs are reflexive changes in brain electrophysiological activity, recorded non- invasively at the scalp that can index specific psychological mechanisms with precision on the order of milliseconds. ERPs can be recorded as people prepare to name pictures and make lexical decisions about picture names they generate. ERPs elicited on the path to picture naming may comprise several components, some that respond via changes in amplitude and latency as activation spreading, lexical retrieval and internal error monitoring, respectively, unfold in real time. In three experiments, those ERP components will be compared in AWS versus adults who do not stutter (AWNS) to answer the following questions: 1) Does activation spreading operate typically in AWS, as evidenced in the amplitude of the N400 ERP component elicited during a picture-word priming task? 2) Does word retrieval operate along a typical time-course in AWS, as evidenced in the time-course of two ERP components - Lateralized Readiness Potential and NoGo N200 - elicited during a dual-choice lexical decision task? 3) Does internal error monitoring operate typically in AWS, as evidenced in the amplitude of Error Related Negativity elicited during a forced-error lexical decision task? Results will reveal whether brain electrophysiological activity in AWS may differ from that of AWNS in psycholinguistic mechanisms that mediate the activation, retrieval, and monitoring of lexical knowledge on the path to picture naming. Findings will have implications for the development of psycholinguistically-focused clinical diagnostic and intervention tools for stuttering. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Although efficient psycholinguistic planning is requisite for fluent and accurate speech production, psycholinguistic performance is not a standard consideration in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of adulthood stuttering. Understanding precisely how AWS activate, retrieve, and monitor lexical knowledge on the path to speaking could improve the efficacy of intervention for stuttering, an important goal in fostering the psychosocial and vocational prospects of adults who stutter. Results of this research will have implications for the development of psycholinguistically-focused assessment and treatment tools for stuttering.