Human Body Composition Core

在七十年代中期，S有一些重要的悬而未决的问题，与 极低卡路里饮食在促进脂肪减少方面的功效。为了寻找一种方法来量化检查这些饮食所需的总脂肪的微小变化，杨梅博士和西奥多·范·塔利博士开发了在SLRHC进行能量氮平衡研究所需的资源。生热测量、食物成分分析以及尿液和粪便能量氮含量都在他们的经典实验中进行了评估，该实验旨在研究节食过程中身体成分的变化(Yang&Van Itallie，1976)。目前的核心是这些最初努力的结果。随后对肥胖患者的产热、食物摄入量和体力活动的研究需要进一步扩大该中心的身体成分、体能和能量消耗实验室(Pi-Sunyer&Segl，1986)。这一增长为批判性地评估新的身体成分方法提供了条件，如总电导率(Van Itallie等人，1985)、生物阻抗分析(BIA)(西格尔等人，1985)、双光子/X射线吸收(DPA/DXA)(Heymsfield等人，AJCN 1989；Wang等人，AJP 1989)和非弹性中子散射(Kehayi as等人，1987)。核心科学家开发了多组分身体组成方法，利用这些独特的身体组成方法(Heymsfield等人，1991)。该核心的科学家与哥伦比亚大学生物工程和放射学系以及SLRHC放射学系的同事合作，将他们的努力扩展到成像(Gallagher等人，1998；2000)和核磁共振波谱方法(沈2007)。加拉格尔博士(Song et al，2004；Kim et al，2003)、Geliebter et al，(1997)、Kotler博士(Agin et al，2001；He et al，2005)和其他人对老年人和其他群体中与体重相关的表现问题的探索，导致了Core的人类身体表现实验室的进一步进步。现在有了新的、更灵敏的量化力量和耐力的方法。在90年代中期，成像方法成为活体身体成分分析的中心测量技术。全身磁共振成像(MRI)现在已经成为核心研究人员的一项最先进的技术(Yim 2007；沈2007；Freda 2008；Gallagher 2009，Ochner&Geliebter，2010；Ochner，In Press)。最近的新表型研究进展包括：三维光子扫描仪的验证(Wang 2006)，用于评估适合于体型庞大的人的身体体积和脂肪；全身核磁共振扫描的骨髓脂肪组织的量化(沈等人，2007)；以及Echo QMR的验证 对于人类的脂肪和水(加拉格尔2010)，其精确度超过了任何其他可用的技术，尽管精确度需要提高。随着新能源支出评估技术的引入，核心调查人员改进了核心实验室的生热测量能力，包括通风罩间接测热法和双标记水技术(在CTSA实验室进行分析)。哥伦比亚大学与生物工程师合作开发了两个呼吸室-间接量热计系统，用于测量24小时的能量消耗，一个用于人类，另一个用于动物。 因此，目前的人体组成核心包括研究人体组成、体能表现、图像分析和能量消耗的广泛能力。这些设施为整个纽约大都会地区的调查人员提供服务，总部设在SLRHC。合作实验室包括哥伦比亚大学磁共振研究实验室，该实验室包括喜悦·赫希博士领导的放射学和心理学神经生物学中心和行为/核磁共振研究中心，以及杜鲁门·布朗博士领导的哈奇研究中心和生物医学工程成像研究中心，两者均位于哥伦比亚大学医学中心神经研究所。总体而言，这一最先进的人体成分核心为中心的研究人员提供了将他们的体内分析扩展到以前无法测量的身体成分和隔间的可能性。在过去的五年中，Core的存在促进了纽约大都市区6个(SLRHC，CU，Weill Cornell，Rockefeller University，New York Renal Research Institute of New York)机构和3个纽约以外(Pennington，U Southern California，U California San Francisco)的合作研究，34名调查人员使用各种Core服务(见第8节)。

During the mid-1970's there were important unanswered questions relating to the efficacy of very low calorie diets in promoting fat loss. Seeking a method to quantify the small changes in total body fat needed to examine these diets, Drs. Mei Yang and Theodore Van Itallie developed the resources needed to perform energy-nitrogen balance studies at SLRHC. Thermogenesis measurements, food composition analyses, and urine and fecal energy-nitrogen content were all evaluated in their now classic experiment designed to examine body composition changes with dieting (Yang & Van Itallie, 1976). The present Core is an outgrowth of these initial efforts. Subsequent studies of thermogenesis, food intake, and physical activity in obese patients required further expansion of the Center's Body Composition, Physical Performance, and Energy Expenditure Laboratories (Pi-Sunyer & Segal, 1986). This growth provided the setting to critically evaluate such new body composition methodologies as total body electrical conductivity (Van Itallie et al, 1985), bioimpedance analysis (BIA) (Segal et al, 1985), dual photon/x-ray absorptiometry (DPA/DXA)(Heymsfield et al, AJCN 1989; Wang et al, AJP 1989), and inelastic neutron scattering (Kehayias et al, 1987). Core scientists developed multicomponent body composition methods that exploit these unique body composition methods (Heymsfield et al, 1991). The Core's scientists extended their efforts to imaging (Gallagher et al, 1998; 2000) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy methods (Shen 2007), in collaboration with colleagues in the Department of Bio-engineering and Radiology at Columbia University and in the Department of Radiology at SLRHC. Exploration of weight-related performance issues in the elderly and other groups by Drs. Gallagher (Song et al, 2004; Kim et al, 2003), Geliebter et al, (1997), Kotler (Agin et al, 2001; He et al, 2005) and others led to additional advancements in the Core's Human Physical Performance Laboratory. New, more sensitive, methods for quantifying strength and endurance are now available. In the mid-nineties, imaging methods became a central measurement technique for in vivo body composition analysis. Whole body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has now become a state-of-the-art technique among Core investigators (Yim 2007; Shen 2007; Freda 2008; Gallagher 2009, Ochner & Geliebter, 2010; Ochner, In Press). Recent new phenotyping developments include the validation of a 3-dimensional photonic scanner (Wang 2006) for assessment of body volume and fat suitable for use in very large persons; quantification of bone marrow adipose tissue from whole-body MRI scans (Shen et al, 2007); and validation of the Echo QMR for fat and water in humans (Gallagher 2010) where the precision exceeds that of any other available technique, albeit accuracy needs to be improved. With the introduction of new energy expenditure assessment techniques, the core investigators improved the Core Laboratory's thermogenesis measurement capabilities to include ventilated hood indirect calorimetry and the doubly-labeled water technique (analyzed in the CTSA laboratory). Two respiratory chamber-indirect calorimeter systems for measuring 24-hour energy expenditure, one for humans and the other for animals, were developed with collaborating bioengineers at Columbia. The present Human Body Composition Core thus includes extensive capabilities for studying body composition, physical performance, image analysis, and energy expenditure in humans. These facilities, which serve investigators throughout the metropolitan New York area, are based at SLRHC. Cooperating laboratories include The Magnetic Resonance Research Laboratories of Columbia University which include the Departments of Radiology and Psychology Center for Neurobiology and Behavior /MRI Research Center under the direction of Joy Hirsch, PhD, and The Hatch Research Center and the Biomedical Engineering Imaging Research Center under the direction of Truman Brown, PhD, both located in the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Medical Center. Overall, this state-of-the art human body composition Core provides Center investigators with the potential for extending their in vivo analyses to previously unmeasurable body components and compartments. Over the past five years, the Core presence catalyzed collaborative research in the New York metropolitan area at 6 (SLRHC, CU, Weill Cornell, Rockefeller University, Renal Research Institute of New York) institutions plus 3 outside New York (Pennington, U Southern California, U California San Francisco) with 34 investigators using various Core services (see Section 8).