Targeting NAD Metabolism to Improve Glucose Homeostasis in Obesity and Aging

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DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Targeting NAD Metabolism to Improve Glucose Homeostasis in Obesity and Aging We will test the hypothesis that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolism can be targeted to improve physiology in aged or obese individuals. NAD is a ubiquitous molecule that is required as a redox cofactor or substrate fo hundreds of enzymes within the cell. It is derived from a number of dietary compounds, including tryptophan and vitamin B3, and prolonged deficiency in all of these precursors leads to Pellagra, and then death. It was recently shown that NAD levels fall substantially in the tissues of aged or obese mice. We hypothesize that this limits the activity of NAD-dependent enzymes, such as the deacetylase SIRT1, which has strong protective effects against diabetes and other age-related diseases. Consistent with this, administration of the NA precursors nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or nicotinamide riboside (NR) increases SIRT1 activity and ameliorates insulin resistance in aged or obese animals. We have created a strain of mice that allows tissue-specific overexpression of Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt), the enzyme that produces NMN. A complementary strain of mice that allows tissue-specific deletion of Nampt has been created by the Leo lab (University Libre de Bruxelles), and generously provided to us for the generation of animals with muscle-specific loss of function. Our preliminary data show that Nampt targeted to skeletal muscle significantly enhances NAD levels, and causes no overt phenotype in young, healthy mice. Specific Aim 1 is to test whether restoration of NAD levels in liver and muscles of aged or obese mice can rescue organ dysfunction, and whether NAD depletion is sufficient to induce dysfunction in young, healthy animals. In addition, there is strong evidence that NAD promotes insulin secretion in a SIRT1-dependent manner, but the details are somewhat controversial. It has been proposed that an extracellular form of Nampt mediates this effect by producing NMN in the circulation, which is then taken up by pancreatic beta cells to enhance NAD levels. However, the assertion that extracellular Nampt participates in NAD production, and even the existence of extracellular NMN, have been challenged. Specific Aim 2 is to determine how insulin secretion is regulated by NAD metabolism. Together, these studies will reveal fundamental details of how NAD metabolism influences physiology, and are likely to point the way to novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment or prevention of diabetes and other age-related diseases.