Impact of zooprophylaxis on zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission

动物预防对人畜共患皮肤利什曼病传播的影响

• 批准号: 9296001
• 负责人: Elyes Zhioua
• 金额: $ 11.23万
• 依托单位: INSTITUT PASTEUR DE TUNIS
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-06-15 至 2019-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9296001
• 关键词: Achievement; Adult; Affect; African; Age-Months; Animals; Antimony; Area; Biodiversity; Biological; Bite; Breeding; Calories; Canis familiaris; Central America; Chemicals; Chickens; Cholesterol; Collaborations; Communities; Country; Cutaneous Leishmaniasis; Developing Countries; Disease; Disease Reservoirs; Distress; Domestic Animals; Ecology; Economics; Ecosystem; Effectiveness; Endemic Diseases; Entomology; Environment; Environmental Impact; Epidemiology; Exposure to; Family; Far East; Fatty acid glycerol esters; Female; Food; Fostering; Geographic Locations; Glucantime; Goals; Health; Health Benefit; Health Policy; Human; Human Bites; Incidence; Income; Individual; Infection; Injection of therapeutic agent; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Institutes; Interruption; Intervention; Intervention Trial; Jird; Kansas; Kenya; Laboratories; Lead; Leishmania; Leishmania major; Leishmaniasis; Lesion; Livestock; Measures; Meat; Methods; Middle East; Modeling; Near East; New Zealand; Northern Africa; Nutritional; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Outcome; Parasites; Patients; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phlebotomus; Physiology; Poisoning; Politics; Population; Poverty; Prevalence; Psammomys; Public Health; Publishing; Research; Research Personnel; Residual state; Resistance; Resources; Rodent; Role; Rural Community; Sand Flies; Sand Rats; Seasons; Secure; Site; Skin; Source; South America; Stress; Sunlight; Testing; Treatment Cost; Tunisia; United States National Institutes of Health; Universities; Urine; Vaccines; Vector-transmitted infectious disease; Vulnerable Populations; Wild Animals; Zinc; Zoonoses; authority; base; beef; chemotherapy; cost effective; disease transmission; evidence base; experience; farmer; feeding; improved; innovation; killings; low income country; low socioeconomic status; man; neglected tropical diseases; novel strategies; nutrition; programs; psychologic; public health relevance; rural area; scale up; social; success; transmission process; vector; vector control

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania major, transmitted by the bites of phlebotomine sand flies. The fat sand rat (Psammomys obesus) and the desert's gird (Meriones shawi ) are the main reservoir hosts of this parasite. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is considered by the WHO to be a neglected tropical disease, affecting about 1.5 million people per year worldwide. The disease is widespread in Central and South America, the Mediterranean basin, and the near and far east countries where it is strongly correlated with poverty. Although ZCL is not fatal, the lesions produced may cause substantial disfigurement and severe distress to infected individuals with lifelong psychological and social consequences. No vaccine is available and treatment of humans is largely based on chemical therapy (pentavalent antimony/glucantime). To date, resistance of L. major to glucantime, the only affordable drug in developing countries for more than 40 years, has become a major concern. New alternatives to control ZCL are urgently needed. In Tunisia, ZCL is a peridomestic disease endemic in rural areas with low socio-economic status with an annual incidence rate of 669.7/100,000 per year. Phlebotomus papatasi is the main vector of L. major in Tunisia and in North Africa. Only chemical therapy with glucantime is currently available, with neither vector nor dog control programs. Killing or diverting infected sand flies from humans can reduce the transmission of ZCL. Although indoor residual spraying (IRS) of insecticides is effective in reducing the incidence of ZCL, it requires expensive yearly applications and its applicability is thus limited by financial constraints in low income countries. Insecticide-treated curtains or bednets offer effective protection against P. papatasi; but transmission continues as before after cessation of these measures. Despite their efficacy in the interruption of ZCL transmission, programs based on the distribution of ITNs are poorly implemented in many endemic countries and are beyond the means of many families in ZCL-endemic villages. Although poisoning ZCL rodent reservoirs with zinc phosphide has reduced the incidence of ZCL, this approach is ecologically unsound. We aim to develop a sustainable method based on diverting sand fly vectors from humans to reduce the transmission of ZCL in endemic areas. Numerous studies show that host diversity could reduce the incidence of zoonotic vector- borne diseases by a dilution effect. A high species diversity in the community of vector hosts reduces the infection prevalence or abundance of the vectors by diluting the effects of the most competent disease reservoir and subsequently reducing the incidence of the disease. Zooprophylaxis is the use of wild or domestic animals, which are not reservoir hosts of a given diseases, to deflect vectors from humans creating a dilution effect. The presence of livestock around houses may diminish transmission of the disease and protect humans from the bites of infected sand flies. Our preliminary studies have shown that breeding rabbits in artificia burrows located in peri-domestic areas significantly reduces the indoor abundance of P. papatasi within houses. Rabbits strongly attract sand flies but are a dead-end host for L. major. We hypothesize that rabbits bred in man-made underground holes located in the peri-domestic areas act as a dilution hosts and exert a zooprophylactic effects on the transmission of ZCL in endemic areas. The objective of this proposal is to establish a new vector control strategy based on zooprophylaxis to reduce transmission of ZCL in endemic focus. This program will be validated in Tunisia for several reasons: (1) endemicity of disease; (2) limited current control options; (3) access to laboratory models and field sites for testing intervention strategies; and (4) ability to conduct field-based research in a representative region that is stable politically. Indeed, lessons learned from this project should impact public health policy authorities in the politically sensitive Middle East and North African (MENA) nations. This two-year project will develop a new approach to control ZCL transmission built upon the transfer of expertise from the US to Tunisia, fostering both capacity building and innovation.

 描述(申请人提供)：人畜共患皮肤利什曼病(ZCL)是一种由大利什曼原虫引起的媒介传播疾病，通过静脉血吸虫沙蝇叮咬传播。肥胖沙鼠(Psamomys Obesus)和沙漠栅格沙鼠(Meriones Shawi)是该寄生虫的主要宿主。皮肤利什曼病被世卫组织视为一种被忽视的热带疾病，每年影响全球约150万人。这种疾病在中美洲和南美洲、地中海盆地以及与贫困密切相关的近东和远东国家广泛传播。虽然ZCL不是致命的，但所产生的损害可能会对感染者造成严重的毁容和严重痛苦，并带来终身的心理和社会后果。没有疫苗可用，对人类的治疗主要基于化学疗法(五价锑/葡聚糖时间)。40多年来，葡聚糖是发展中国家唯一一种负担得起的药物，到目前为止，大乳杆菌对葡聚糖的抗药性已经成为一个主要问题。迫切需要新的替代方案来控制ZCL。在突尼斯，ZCL是一种周围性疾病，流行于社会经济地位较低的农村地区，年发病率为669.7/100,000。帕帕塔西白纹伊蚊是突尼斯和北非主要传播媒介。目前只有葡聚糖时间的化学疗法可用，既没有媒介也没有狗的控制程序。杀死或转移人类感染的沙蝇可以减少ZCL的传播。虽然室内滞留喷洒(Irs)杀虫剂有效地降低了ZCL的发病率，但它需要每年昂贵的喷洒，因此其适用性受到资金限制的限制。 收入国家。经杀虫剂处理的窗帘或蚊帐可有效预防帕帕塔西肺炎；但在停止这些措施后，传播仍在继续。尽管它们在阻断ZCL传播方面有效，但在许多流行国家，基于ITN分布的方案执行不力，超出了ZCL流行村庄的许多家庭的承受能力。虽然用磷化锌毒害ZCL啮齿动物水库可以降低ZCL的发病率，但这种方法在生态上是不健全的。我们的目标是开发一种可持续的方法，以分流人类的沙蝇媒介，以减少ZCL在流行区的传播。大量研究表明，宿主多样性可以通过稀释效应降低人畜共患病媒介传播疾病的发病率。病媒宿主群落中的高度物种多样性通过稀释最有能力的病源的影响从而降低病媒的感染率或丰度，从而减少疾病的发病率。动物预防是利用野生或家养动物，这些动物不是特定疾病的宿主，以转移来自人类的媒介，从而产生稀释效应。房屋周围牲畜的存在可能会减少疾病的传播，并保护人类免受受感染的沙蝇的叮咬。我们的初步研究表明，在居民区附近的人工洞穴中繁殖兔子显著减少了室内帕帕塔西原虫的室内丰度。兔子强烈地吸引沙蝇，但却是大沙蝇的死胡同。我们假设饲养在周边地区人工地下洞穴中的兔作为稀释性宿主，对疫区ZCL的传播起到动物预防作用。该建议的目的是建立一种新的以动物预防为基础的媒介控制策略，以减少ZCL在地方性疫源地的传播。由于以下几个原因，这一计划将在突尼斯得到验证：(1)疾病的地方性；(2)当前的控制选择有限；(3)获得实验室模型和现场以测试干预策略；以及(4)能够在政治稳定的代表性地区进行实地研究。事实上，从该项目中吸取的经验教训应该会影响政治敏感的中东和北非(MENA)国家的公共卫生政策当局。这个为期两年的项目将开发一种新的方法来控制ZCL传播，建立在美国向突尼斯转移专业知识的基础上，促进能力建设和创新。

项目成果

The Impact of Illegal Waste Sites on the Transmission of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Tunisia.

• DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010066
• 发表时间: 2020-12-24
• 期刊: International journal of environmental research and public health
• 作者: Chelbi I;Mathlouthi O;Zhioua S;Fares W;Boujaama A;Cherni S;Barhoumi W;Dachraoui K;Derbali M;Abbass M;Zhioua E
• 通讯作者: Zhioua E

Investigation of the Sandfly Fauna of Central Arid Areas and Northern Humid Regions of Tunisia, with Morphological and Molecular Identification of the Recently Established Population of Phlebotomus (Larroussius) perfiliewi.

• DOI: 10.3390/insects13111057
• 发表时间: 2022-11-16
• 期刊: Insects
• 影响因子: 3