Task switching and visual behavior

描述（由申请人提供）：视觉行为受到自下而上的视觉因素和自上而下的认知因素的双重影响。因此，许多调查都试图确定视觉行为是如何受到不同任务集的影响的，这是指观察者在处理场景时的目标。例如，任务集已被证明强烈影响哪些对象是固定的，记忆如何影响固定和探针检测，固定的时间和位置，以及相对于局部注意模式的全局时间和持续时间，仅举几例。虽然任务集明显影响视觉行为，但大多数任务集研究要求参与者对单个图像执行单一任务或对多种图像连续执行单一任务。这些调查忽略了一个事实，即在现实世界中，一个人的任务集可以作为观察者意图的函数而频繁而迅速地变化，在此期间，视觉输入可能会发生轻微的变化，剧烈的变化，或者保持不变。因此，为了理解任务集对视觉行为的影响，研究任务切换的影响是很重要的。任务转换的研究在心理学上有着悠久的历史，大量的证据表明，任务转换的要求会导致各种各样的行为成本和收益。然而，令人惊讶的是，很少有关于任务转换如何影响视觉行为的调查，现有的研究主要关注执行扫视和反扫视所需的执行控制。为了充分理解视觉行为受先前经验影响的方式，确定以下情况是否从根本上改变了视觉输入的后续处理：a)输入保持不变，但观察者的目标发生了变化；b)视觉输入发生了变化，但任务目标保持一致。本研究将通过16个实验来研究任务转换对视觉行为的影响，从而解决这一知识缺口。实验旨在评估与任务切换（E1）相关的主要成本和收益，以及这些成本和收益如何受到场景重复（E2, E6-8），交替可预测性（E3, E5, E6, E8），重复概率（E, E5, E7, E8）的调节，以及指令是强调自下而上（E1-8）还是自上而下（E9-16）的因素。所提出的研究具有理论和实践意义，因为它涉及到

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): It is well established that visual behavior is influenced by both bottom-up visual factors and top-down cognitive factors. Consequently, a number of investigations have sought to determine how visual behavior is influenced by different task sets, which refers to the goal of an observer when they process a scene. For example, task set has been shown to strongly influence which objects are fixated, how memory influences refixations and probe detection, the timing and location of fixations, and the timing and duration of global relative to local modes of attention to name just a few. Though task set clearly influences visual behavior, the majority of task set studies require participants to perform a single task on a singl image or continuously perform a single task on a variety of images. These investigations ignore the fact that, in the real world, the task set of an individual can change frequently and rapidly a a function of observer intent, during which the visual input could change slightly, change drastically, or remain constant. To understand the influence of task set on visual behavior, therefore, it is important to investigate the influence of task switching. The study of task switching has a rich history in psychology, with numerous demonstrations that the requirement to switch tasks leads to a variety of behavioral costs and benefits. Surprisingly, however, there have been few investigations of how task switching impacts visual behavior, with existing studies being primarily concerned with the executive control required to perform prosaccades and antisaccades. To fully understand the manner in which visual behavior is impacted by previous experiences, it is critical to determine whether subsequent processing of a visual input is fundamentally altered when a) the input remains the same but the observer's goal changes and b) when the visual input changes but the task goals remain consistent. The present proposal will address this gap in knowledge by conducting sixteen experiments examining the influence of task-switching on visual behavior. The experiments are designed to assess the primary costs and benefits associated with task-switching (E1) and how these are moderated by scene repetition (E2, E6-8), alternation predictability (E3, E5, E6, E8), repetition probability (E, E5, E7, E8), and whether the instructions emphasize bottom-up (E1-8) or top-down (E9-16) factors. The proposed research has both theoretical and practical implications as it relates to the manner in which visual behavior is influenced by task-switching. Given that the present study concerns the basic functioning of the normal, adult visual system, it contributes to the scientific understanding of visual-cognitive mechanisms in the brain. In addition, the proposed research concerns costs and benefits relating to visual mechanisms that support efficient gaze control and oculomotor behavior which has significant implications for performance across a variety of fields in which visual task- switching is an important component of everyday performance.