Task switching and visual behavior

描述（由申请人提供）：众所周知，视觉行为受到自下而上的视觉因素和自上而下的认知因素的影响。因此，许多调查试图确定视觉行为如何受到不同任务集的影响，这些任务集指的是观察者处理场景时的目标。例如，任务集已被证明强烈影响哪些物体被固定，记忆如何影响重新固定和探测，固定的时间和位置，以及相对于局部注意模式的全局时间和持续时间。虽然任务集对视觉行为有明显的影响，但大多数任务集研究要求被试在单一图像上执行单一任务或在多种图像上连续执行单一任务。这些研究忽略了这样一个事实，即在真实的世界中，个体的任务集可以根据观察者的意图频繁而快速地改变，在此期间视觉输入可以轻微地改变，急剧地改变，或者保持恒定。为了了解任务设置对视觉行为的影响，研究任务转换对视觉行为的影响具有重要意义。任务转换的研究在心理学中有着丰富的历史，有许多证据表明，转换任务的要求会导致各种行为成本和收益。然而，令人惊讶的是，很少有研究任务切换如何影响视觉行为，现有的研究主要关注的是执行控制所需的正面和反正面。为了充分理解视觉行为受先前经验影响的方式，关键在于确定当a）输入保持不变但观察者的目标改变时以及B）视觉输入改变但任务目标保持一致时，视觉输入的后续处理是否从根本上改变。本提案将通过进行16个实验来研究任务转换对视觉行为的影响，从而解决这一知识缺口。实验的目的是评估与任务转换相关的主要成本和收益（E1），以及这些是如何调节的场景重复（E2，E6-8），交替的可预测性（E3，E5，E6，E8），重复概率（E，E5，E7，E8），以及指令是否强调自下而上（E1-8）或自上而下（E9-16）的因素。该研究具有理论和实践意义，因为它涉及到 视觉行为受任务转换影响的方式。鉴于目前的研究涉及正常成人视觉系统的基本功能，它有助于科学研究。 了解大脑中的视觉认知机制。此外，所提出的研究关注与支持有效注视控制和眼动行为的视觉机制相关的成本和收益，这对视觉任务切换是日常表现的重要组成部分的各种领域的表现具有重要意义。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): It is well established that visual behavior is influenced by both bottom-up visual factors and top-down cognitive factors. Consequently, a number of investigations have sought to determine how visual behavior is influenced by different task sets, which refers to the goal of an observer when they process a scene. For example, task set has been shown to strongly influence which objects are fixated, how memory influences refixations and probe detection, the timing and location of fixations, and the timing and duration of global relative to local modes of attention to name just a few. Though task set clearly influences visual behavior, the majority of task set studies require participants to perform a single task on a singl image or continuously perform a single task on a variety of images. These investigations ignore the fact that, in the real world, the task set of an individual can change frequently and rapidly a a function of observer intent, during which the visual input could change slightly, change drastically, or remain constant. To understand the influence of task set on visual behavior, therefore, it is important to investigate the influence of task switching. The study of task switching has a rich history in psychology, with numerous demonstrations that the requirement to switch tasks leads to a variety of behavioral costs and benefits. Surprisingly, however, there have been few investigations of how task switching impacts visual behavior, with existing studies being primarily concerned with the executive control required to perform prosaccades and antisaccades. To fully understand the manner in which visual behavior is impacted by previous experiences, it is critical to determine whether subsequent processing of a visual input is fundamentally altered when a) the input remains the same but the observer's goal changes and b) when the visual input changes but the task goals remain consistent. The present proposal will address this gap in knowledge by conducting sixteen experiments examining the influence of task-switching on visual behavior. The experiments are designed to assess the primary costs and benefits associated with task-switching (E1) and how these are moderated by scene repetition (E2, E6-8), alternation predictability (E3, E5, E6, E8), repetition probability (E, E5, E7, E8), and whether the instructions emphasize bottom-up (E1-8) or top-down (E9-16) factors. The proposed research has both theoretical and practical implications as it relates to the manner in which visual behavior is influenced by task-switching. Given that the present study concerns the basic functioning of the normal, adult visual system, it contributes to the scientific understanding of visual-cognitive mechanisms in the brain. In addition, the proposed research concerns costs and benefits relating to visual mechanisms that support efficient gaze control and oculomotor behavior which has significant implications for performance across a variety of fields in which visual task- switching is an important component of everyday performance.