Understanding Diverging Profiles of Academic and Physical Health Outcomes in African American Youth

项目摘要 在整个生命过程中，在重要的生活结果方面存在明显的种族和经济差异， 从教育程度到监禁率再到身体健康。尽管如此， 在经济困难下长大的非洲裔美国青年中，有相当一部分人取得了积极的成就。 结果，一种被称为弹性的现象。我们的研究最近揭示了一个悖论， 文学这些文献通常假设，如果处于危险中的青少年能够在可观察到的行为方面茁壮成长， 比如上了大学，那么他们就避免了逆境的后果。相比之下， 通过学术和行为指标确定了一个年轻人小组，他们表面上看起来很有弹性，但 “皮下”显示身体健康受损的迹象，如糖尿病风险较高， 非稳态负荷评分（慢性疾病风险的多系统指标）。这些发现表明 帮助年轻人在学术和心理上取得成功的因素可能会对他们造成损害 身体上，导致恢复力只是“肤浅的”。“在这里，我们提出了一个项目，将澄清为什么皮肤- 深层次的韧性发展，当它出现在发展中，以及早期预警信号是否可以 检测到我们将从低收入家庭招募450名14-19岁的非洲裔美国青年。他们将 在加速纵向设计（ALD）的背景下，在基线和1年和2年后进行评估。的 第一个目标是确定有助于表层弹性的个人心理和社会网络因素， 例如高水平的自我控制，这可能会促进学术上的成功，但有生理成本，以及 缺乏归属感或在学术环境中与同龄人的歧视经历， 有韧性的年轻人第二个目标是建立生物风险概况，作为风险的早期预警信号。 非裔美国青年的健康问题。为此，我们将收集深入的压力测量方法， 激素分泌、炎症活动和表观遗传衰老，并检测这些标志物的 能够预测随后的心血管风险，包括代谢综合征（主要结局）和血流动力学， 介导的血管舒张（内皮功能障碍的指标;次要结局）。第三个目标是 确定什么时候表面的弹性出现，并描述其发展轨迹。为此我们 将使用加速纵向设计来绘制表层弹性，及其学术，心理社会和 在高中和大学期间的生物学特征。通过这项工作，我们将确定心理社会 干预目标，确定干预的最佳发展窗口，并强调生物早期 警告信号，最终目标是防止低收入人群出现慢性健康状况， 少数民族青年，否则他们将走向成功的生活结果。

PROJECT SUMMARY Across the lifecourse, there are pronounced racial and economic disparities in important life outcomes in America, ranging from educational attainment to incarceration rates to physical health. Nonetheless, a substantial minority of African American youth who grow up under economic hardship achieves positive outcomes, a phenomenon termed resilience. Our research has recently revealed a paradox in the resilience literature. This literature often assumes that if at-risk youth manage to thrive in terms of observable behaviors, such as making it to college, then they have avoided the consequences of adversity. In contrast, we have identified a subgroup of youth who appear resilient on the surface via academic and behavioral indicators, but `under the skin' display signs of compromised physical health, such as higher risk of diabetes and higher scores on allostatic load (a multi-system indicator of chronic disease risk). These findings suggest that the same factors that help youth to succeed academically and psychosocially may be exacting a toll on them physically, resulting in resilience that is only `skin-deep.' Here we propose a project that will clarify why skin- deep resilience develops, when in development it emerges, and whether early-warning signs can be detected. We will recruit 450 African American youth from low-income families ages 14-19. They will be assessed at baseline and 1 and 2 years later, in the context of an accelerated longitudinal design (ALD). The first aim is to identify individual psychological and social network factors that contribute to skin-deep resilience, such as high levels of self-control that may promote academic success but have physiological costs, as well as a lack of belonging or experiences of discrimination with peers in academic environments among skin-deep resilient youth. The second aim is to create biological risk profiles that can function as early warning signs of developing health problems in African American youth. To that end, we will collect in-depth measures of stress hormone output, inflammatory activity, and epigenetic aging over a 2-year period, and test these markers' ability to predict subsequent cardiovascular risk, including metabolic syndrome (primary outcome) and flow- mediated vasodilation (an indicator of endothelial dysfunction; secondary outcome). The third aim is to determine when skin-deep resilience emerges and to characterize its developmental trajectory. To that end, we will use the accelerated longitudinal design to map skin-deep resilience, and its academic, psychosocial, and biological features across the high school and college years. Through this work, we will identify psychosocial targets for intervention, pinpoint optimal development windows for intervention, and highlight biological early warning signs, with the ultimate goal of preventing the emergence of chronic health conditions in low-income minority youth who are otherwise on a track to successful life outcomes.