Genetic Analysis of Centrioles and Cilia

项目摘要 纤毛和中心粒是进化上保守的细胞器，它们需要超过2000种蛋白质来维持其功能。 组装和功能。我们用单细胞的衣原体来研究这些细胞器。 衣原体使我们能够使用从无偏正演获得的单倍体和二倍体突变株， 基因筛选与杰出的基因组学，生物化学和显微镜，以获得知识， 这些细胞器。这些细胞器的保存使我们能够将我们的发现转化为其他 生物学和遗传学筛选比较困难的地方。我实验室的目标是 了解这些细胞器是如何构建和发挥作用的。正如我们和其他人所示，纤毛病变可以 在人类中表现出广泛的表型，包括视网膜变性，多指，囊性肾， 糖尿病、肥胖、呼吸道清除缺陷、骨骼缩短、先天性心脏病和不孕症。 中心粒缺陷导致小头畸形和侏儒症。每个细胞周期中心粒复制一次， 许多癌症有两个以上的中心粒，并形成短暂的多极纺锤体结构， 而不是两极之间产生非整倍体我建议用遗传学来解决三个问题， 基因组学、生物化学和显微镜。我们想知道内部动力蛋白臂是如何正确地 放置.它们如何在纤毛中找到正确的地址呢？内部动力蛋白臂是如何组装在 细胞质？使用我们在原发性纤毛运动障碍患者中鉴定的基因， 研究首先组装然后对接大的兆道尔顿内部动力蛋白臂所需的蛋白质 在正确的地址，以便产生功能波形。我们还会进行一次大规模的交配 计划询问双基因遗传是否可以识别参与动力蛋白臂组装和功能的基因。我们 将使用蛋白质组学和冷冻电镜断层扫描来表征这些突变。我们想探索新的 以及调节中心粒精确复制的新途径; 保证每个细胞只有两个中心粒我们认为细胞对中心粒有多层控制 重复。我们将确定中心粒蛋白的剪接位点异构体是否能隔离其他中心粒蛋白， 调节复制的蛋白质。我们将使用邻近映射来询问母亲中心粒是否提供 另一个层次的监管通过一个独特的许可网站上特定的三联微管。我们想要检查 睫状项链的作用，这是一个独特的膜室在过渡区; 它是否可能在膜蛋白运输和/或细胞外 囊泡？使用纤毛项链大大减少的突变体，我们将询问细胞外囊泡是否 产量发生改变，以及哪些蛋白质构成了这些囊泡的货物。

Project Summary Cilia and centrioles are evolutionarily conserved organelles that require over 2000 proteins for their assembly and function. We use the unicellular alga, Chlamydomonas, to study these organelles. Chlamydomonas allows us to use both haploid and diploid mutant strains obtained from unbiased forward genetic screens together with outstanding genomics, biochemistry and microscopy to gain knowledge about these organelles. The conservation of these organelles allows us to translate our findings to other organisms where it is harder to do biochemistry and or genetic screens. The goal of my lab is to understand how these organelles are built and function. As we and others have shown, ciliopathies can exhibit a wide range of phenotypes in people that include retinal degeneration, polydactyly, cystic kidneys, diabetes, obesity, respiratory clearance defects, shortened bones, congenital heart disease and infertility. Defects in centrioles result in microcephaly and dwarfism. Duplication of centrioles once per cell cycle is key; many cancers have more than two centrioles and form transient multipolar spindle structures with more than two poles that can generate aneuploidy. I propose to address three questions using genetics, genomics, biochemistry, and microscopy. We want to know how inner dynein arms are correctly placed. How do they find the right address in the cilia? How are inner dynein arms assembled in the cytoplasm? Using genes that we identified in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia, we are examining proteins that are needed to first assemble and then dock the large megadalton inner dynein arms at the right address so that a functional waveform is produced. We will also perform a large-scale mating scheme to ask if digenic inheritance can identify genes involved in dynein arm assembly and function. We will use proteomics and cryo-EM tomography to characterize these mutations. We want to explore new and novel pathways for regulating the precise duplication of centrioles; what redundancies are present to guarantee only two centrioles per cell? We think that cells have layers of control of centriole duplication. We will determine if splice site isoforms of centriolar proteins sequester other centriolar proteins to regulate duplication. We will use proximity mapping to ask if the mother centriole provides another level of regulation via a unique licensing site on specific triplet microtubules. We want to examine the role of the ciliary necklace, which is a unique membrane compartment at the transition zone; does it may play a role in membrane protein trafficking and/or in production of extracellular vesicles? Using mutants that have a greatly reduced ciliary necklace, we will ask if extracellular vesicle production is altered and what proteins make up the cargo of these vesicles.