Predicting Recurrences in Bipolar Illness (Prompt-BD)

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With each recurrence, the prognosis for Bipolar Disorder (BD) worsens and the risk for suicidality and substance abuse increases, indicating the need to identify and manage the factors associated with recurrence risk. Factors associated with recurrence risk for the group as a whole have been identified, however, the question of how to predict recurrence risk for an individual with BD remains unanswered. Since the course of BD is heterogenous, the ability to predict recurrence risk at the person level would allow treatment to be tailored to the specific individual. As in other fields of medicine, we developed a risk calculator (RC) that predicts with approximately 80% discrimination the 1-5 year risk of any mood recurrence and the polarity of the recurrence in youths/young adults with BD. Given that the RC must be externally validated before it can reliably be used in clinical practice, the Predicting Recurrence of Mood in Patients with BD (PROMPT-BD) study proposes to externally validate the RC in BD youth/young adults. The existing RC (termed “distal” RC) is valuable, but only predicts long-term (1-5 year) recurrence risk and not proximal risk (i.e.1-4 weeks). Predicting proximal risk could enable prompt intervention upon detection of “warning” signs, potentially improving the course of BD. To do this, factors associated with impending recurrences in BD such as sleep-activity rhythms, mobility, and digital social interactions will be measured continuously in real-time using smartphone passive sensing and subsequently combined with clinical predictors from the distal RC to further enhance prediction. In contrast to self-reports, passive sensing can assess continuous changes in behavior over extended periods without requiring participant input. While actigraphy is the “gold standard” for assessment of sleep-activity rhythms, it is not feasible for participants to wear a research-grade activity monitor for the duration necessary for risk prediction of mood recurrences. Thus, we will examine how passive sensing-based assessments of sleep-activity data map onto actigraphy by collecting actigraphy data for five 2-week periods over follow-up (intake and at each follow-up). We will also explore if development and sex influence passive sensing measures of interest. To carry out this proposal, 120 BDI/II individuals (14-25 years old) who are currently in remission will be recruited. Clinical assessments will be administered at intake and 6,12,18, and 24-months. Sleep-activity rhythms (e.g. phone usage, accelerometer), mobility (e.g., GPS), and digital social interaction (e.g. phone communication log), will be continuously evaluated via smartphone passive sensing, yielding over 300 days of data per participant (>30,000 days combined across the sample). Finally, to more precisely identify the timing of recurrence and to temporally anchor retrospective mood assessments, participants will complete a brief weekly questionnaire for mood prompted via text message. PROMPT-BD findings will be instrumental in counseling patients and their families regarding proximal risk for recurrence and long-term prognosis and have great promise for informing the future development of individualized treatments and both clinical and biological studies.