A Developmental Approach to Testing Suicidal Phenotypes in Early Childhood in Black Youth

项目摘要 自杀是5-11岁儿童死亡的第五大原因（CDC，2020）。儿童自杀率 在过去十年中增加了68%，与白色儿童相比，黑人儿童的比率明显更高 （Bridge等人，2018年）。美国国家心理健康研究所（NIMH）将自杀预防确定为一项重要的预防措施。 紧急优先事项，特别是对风险最高的群体。大多数关于自杀倾向的研究都是在大多数情况下进行的 白色样本，离开了科学的努力，以减少青年自杀的黑人儿童的经验。 因此，迫切需要对自杀行为进行发展和文化方面的研究。在这 应用，我们建议采用一种广泛使用的模型来理解自杀想法的发展 以及从思想到行为的转变，自杀的人际心理理论（IPTS; Joiner， 2005年），根据该报告，在缺乏责任感和负担的情况下， 自杀意念和自我伤害的能力导致自杀行为。IPTS的组成部分包括： 在青少年和10岁的儿童中进行了可靠的测量（Horton等人，2016; Roberts等人， 2020; Stewart等人，2017年）。该模型进一步阐述了与黑人青年有关的内容，包括 遭受系统性、结构性和人际间的种族主义的风险，以及种族社会化和认同， 防止自杀倾向（罗宾逊等人，2021年）。我们建议测试的可靠性，有效性和稳定性， 在黑人青年中，从幼儿期（4-6岁）开始采用发展和文化方面知情的IPTS模式。 匹兹堡女孩研究（PGS）是一项为期20年的纵向研究，共有2,450名女性参加， 他们的年龄在5至8岁之间。我们建议招募300名PGS参与者的黑人后代， 将通过招募有自杀想法和企图史的母亲的孩子来丰富样本， 已经进行了20年的前瞻性测量。我们的目标是招募两个年龄组的儿童：5-7岁的儿童 和7-9岁的孩子。两组儿童将在10-12岁期间每隔9个月进行6次评估。这 设计将使我们能够测试的可靠性，有效性和稳定性，从幼儿期到青春期早期， 在多个系统中测量自杀过程的假设结构。沿着来自父代的数据- 自我报告，心率变异性和情绪将被测量，以响应年龄适当的探针： Cyberball，亲子任务，失败/失败任务和气球反应任务，这些任务是 假设产生孤独，连通性，自我价值和绝望的个体差异， 冲动在PGS参与者的黑人儿童中嵌入儿童早期自杀表型的研究将 允许在文化相关风险和保护性背景下对自杀倾向的早期风险和稳定性进行强有力的测试 这些因素包括系统性、结构性和人际间的种族主义，以及种族社会化和身份认同。 测试提出的目标将产生自杀表型，这与年轻的黑人儿童有关， 为扭转最近黑人青年自杀的趋势做出贡献。

Project Summary Suicide is the 5th leading cause of death among children aged 5-11 (CDC, 2020). Rates of child suicide has increased by 68% in the last decade, with rates significantly higher among Black compared to white children (Bridge et al., 2018). The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has identified suicide prevention as an urgent priority, particularly for groups at highest risk. Most studies of suicidality have been conducted in majority White samples, leaving the experiences of Black children left out of scientific efforts to reduce youth suicide. Thus, there is in urgent need for developmentally and culturally informed research on suicidality. In this application we propose to adapt a widely used model for understanding the development of suicidal thoughts and the transition from thoughts to behavior, the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS; Joiner, 2005), according to which hopelessness in the context of lack of belongingness and burdensomeness leads to suicidal ideation, and capacity to engage in self-harm leads to suicidal behavior. Components of the IPTS have been reliably measured in adolescents and children as young as 10 years (Horton et al., 2016; Roberts et al., 2020; Stewart, et al., 2017). The model was further elaborated to be relevant for Black youth by including exposure to systemic, structural, and interpersonal racism as risks for and racial socialization and identity as protective against suicidality (Robinson et al., 2021). We propose to test the reliability, validity, and stability of a developmentally and culturally informed IPTS model beginning in early childhood (age 4-6 years) in Black youth. The Pittsburgh Girls Study (PGS) is a 20-year longitudinal study of 2,450 women who were initially enrolled when they were between the ages of 5 and 8 years. We propose to enroll 300 Black offspring of PGS participants and will enrich the sample by recruiting children of mothers with a history of suicidal ideation and attempts, which have been measured prospectively for 20 years. We aim to recruit two age groups of children: 5–7-year-olds and 7–9-year-olds. Both groups will be assessed six times at 9-month intervals, through ages 10-12 years. This design will allow us to test the reliability, validity, and stability from early childhood to early adolescence of hypothesized constructs of the suicidal process measured across multiple systems. Along with data from parent- and self-report, heart rate variability and mood will be measured in response to age-appropriate probes: Cyberball, parent-child tasks, loss/failure tasks, and the Balloon Analogue Reaction Task, which are hypothesized to yield individual differences in loneliness, connectedness, self-worth and hopelessness, and impulsivity. Embedding a study of early childhood suicide phenotypes in Black children of PGS participants will allow robust tests of early risk and stability of suicidality in the context of culturally relevant risk and protective factors including exposure to systemic, structural, and interpersonal racism, and racial socialization and identity. Testing the proposed aims will yield suicidal phenotypes that are relevant for young Black children and that will contribute to efforts to reverse the recent trends in Black youth suicide.