Individual differences in memory storage and retrieval during reading comprehensi

阅读理解过程中记忆存储和检索的个体差异

• 批准号: 7655969
• 负责人: Julie A Van Dyke
• 金额: $ 25.19万
• 依托单位: HASKINS LABORATORIES, INC.
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-09-01 至 2011-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7655969
• 关键词: Access to Information; Accounting; Adolescent; Age; Attention; Auditory; Awareness; Binding; Characteristics; Clinical; Code; Communities; Complex; Comprehension; Cues; Data; Development; Distant; Event; Failure; Foundations; Goals; Individual; Individual Differences; Investigation; Knowledge; Language; Lead; Left; Letters; Linguistics; Measures; Memory; Methods; Modality; Operative Surgical Procedures; Orthography; Participant; Play; Population; Printing; Probability; Procedures; Process; Publishing; Reader; Reading; Reading Disabilities; Recording of previous events; Research; Rest; Retrieval; Role; Sales; Sampling; Scanning; Short-Term Memory; Source; Speed; Stress; Structure; Students; Techniques; Text; Time; Vocabulary; Wolves; base; boys; college; disability; experience; lexical; literacy; long term memory; meetings; memory process; neglect; novel; phonology; phrases; pressure; public health relevance; rehearsal; remediation; response; skills; stem; theories

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Reading and language comprehension requires the ability to identify relationships between linguistic units that are frequently non-adjacent. This means that comprehenders must be able to store partially interpreted material (e.g., the subject of a sentence whose verb occurs much later, viz. The boy with the coat with the blue stripes and the flashy buttons on the collar that he bought on sale last Tuesday sang at the bus stop.) A frequent explanation for comprehension difficulty is that individuals differ on the amount of Working Memory (WM) capacity they can devote to maintaining this information. Yet recent research in the memory domain using the Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff (SAT) method suggests that the amount of information actively maintained in working memory is quite small-perhaps as little as 1 item. This leaves very little room for individual differences in memory capacity, and suggests that alternative explanations for comprehension failure must be found. The goal of the present project is to begin exploring these alternatives via the following three aims: 1) Adaptation of the Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff (SAT) method for use with poor readers. Adaptation is required because the method puts time-pressure on participants to respond in a particular fashion, and poor readers may have difficulty meeting this pressure due to insufficient reading ability or inhibitions caused by awareness of their reading disability. The availability of this method for use with a broader population will enable us to determine whether such a severe limit on WM capacity is characteristic of throughout the range of reading ability, or whether it is concomitant with acquired reading skill. 2) The SAT method is unique in providing precise measures of the speed with which participants may access the contents of memory. Research with skilled readers from college populations suggests a very fast cue-driven access mechanism that serves to compensate for the restricted WM capacity by quickly restoring necessary information into active memory. We will investigate whether individual differences in the speed with which readers can restore previously occurring information may provide an alternative account of comprehension failure. In order to more broadly sample reading ability, we will focus on the population of non- degree seeking adolescents sampled throughout the community. 3) A consequence of cue-driven memory access is interference from similar, but incorrect items also present in memory. Interference may be increased if lexical representations are poor or else if retrieval speed for the correct item is slowed by competitors. We employ the SAT method to distinguish these possibilities. These investigations will reveal whether individual differences in the way that comprehension processes interact with the contents of memory are qualitative or quantitative. This is important for determining the most judicious remediation methods, especially the value of differential stress on measures for increasing retrieval speed (i.e., fluency) versus those that increase accuracy (i.e., vocabulary knowledge). PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: A frequent explanation for reading and language comprehension difficulty is that individuals differ in their Working Memory (WM) capacity, yet recent research suggests that the amount of information actively maintained in WM is quite small-perhaps as little as 1 item. This leaves very little room for individual differences in memory capacity, and suggests that alternative explanations for comprehension failure must be found. The goal of this project is to begin exploring these alternatives using a novel extension of the Speed- Accuracy Tradeoff technique, which has been used widely in memory research with skilled readers, but never with such a broad range of reading ability as that proposed in the current project.

描述（由申请人提供）：阅读和语言理解需要能够识别经常不相邻的语言单位之间的关系。这意味着，编译器必须能够存储部分解释的材料（例如，动词出现较晚的句子的主语，也就是说，穿着上星期二在销售时买的那件衣领上有华丽纽扣的蓝色条纹外套的男孩在公共汽车站唱歌。）理解困难的一个常见解释是，个体在工作记忆（WM）容量上存在差异，他们可以致力于维护这些信息。然而，最近在记忆领域使用速度-准确性权衡（SAT）方法进行的研究表明，工作记忆中活跃保存的信息量非常小，可能只有一个项目。本研究的目标是开始探索这些替代方法，主要有以下三个方面：1）将速度-准确性权衡（SAT）方法应用于阅读能力差的学生。需要适应，因为该方法给参与者带来了以特定方式做出反应的时间压力，而由于阅读能力不足或意识到自己的阅读障碍而引起的抑制，贫穷的读者可能很难应对这种压力。这种方法用于更广泛人群的可用性将使我们能够确定这种对WM容量的严重限制是否是整个阅读能力范围的特征，或者它是否伴随着后天的阅读技能。2)SAT方法的独特之处在于，它能精确地测量参与者访问记忆内容的速度。对来自大学人群的熟练读者的研究表明，一种非常快速的线索驱动的访问机制，可以通过快速将必要的信息恢复到活动记忆中来补偿有限的WM容量。我们将调查是否个体差异的速度与读者可以恢复以前发生的信息可能提供一个替代解释的理解失败。为了更广泛地抽样调查阅读能力，我们会集中在整个社会抽样调查的非学位青少年人口。3)线索驱动的记忆访问的后果是来自类似的干扰，但不正确的项目也存在于记忆中。干扰可能会增加，如果词汇表征是穷人，否则，如果检索速度为正确的项目是由竞争对手放缓。我们采用SAT方法来区分这些可能性。这些研究将揭示理解过程与记忆内容相互作用的方式的个体差异是定性的还是定量的。这对于确定最明智的补救方法很重要，特别是提高恢复速度措施的差异应力值（即，流畅性）与增加准确性的那些（即，词汇知识）。公共卫生关系：阅读和语言理解困难的常见解释是个体的工作记忆（WM）容量不同，但最近的研究表明，WM中积极保持的信息量非常小-可能只有一个项目。这使得记忆容量的个体差异空间很小，并表明必须找到理解失败的替代解释。本项目的目标是开始使用速度-准确性权衡技术的新扩展来探索这些替代方法，该技术已广泛用于熟练读者的记忆研究，但从来没有像目前项目中提出的那样具有如此广泛的阅读能力。