The E-Cigarette Population Paradox: Testing Effects of Youth-Targeted Population Warnings for E-Cigarettes among Two Key Populations

项目总结 在没有使用可燃香烟的青少年中试用和使用电子烟已经流行起来 电子烟产品广告(广告)可能起到了一定的作用。电子邮件的广泛使用 香烟对青少年的健康和福祉造成重大危害。加大警示力度 其他烟草产品的广告标签被发现会降低这些产品在年轻人中的吸引力 这表明，它们也可能是遏制青少年中这一流行病的有效战略。一 然而，在电子烟广告上设计更强大、更有效的健康警告的主要挑战是 可燃香烟的吸烟者可能会在可能经历重大疾病时被阻止改用 健康福利。因此，警告必须向青少年和非吸烟者传达电子烟的风险 同时也保护了人们对完全改用电子烟的好处的看法 可燃香烟吸烟者。这一悖论给监管者带来了挑战。本系列的目标是 研究的目的是向FDA通报与电子烟警告法规有关的问题，因为这一复杂 人口悖论。有针对性的结果包括优先视觉注意警告而不是广告内容， 同时使用电子烟和可燃香烟的意图，以及对这两种烟草产品的风险信念。目标 1将开发和测试一组候选警告消息，以最大限度地提高预期结果 悖论中的两个群体：不吸烟的青年和成年吸烟者。Aim 2将在实验中 测试电子烟广告上的警告，以最大限度地提高对作为关键高危人群的年轻人的有利影响。 利用我们最先进的移动实验室配备的计算和眼球跟踪技术，我们将测试效果 在随机实验中来自目标1的有希望的警告，其中4介于(候选警告)x 4(广告 上诉)设计，N=400。我们将识别警告标签，以增加对警告的视觉关注，减少 注意广告诉求，增加风险信念，减少使用意图。Aim 3将在实验中测试 警告对电子烟的意外影响可能会对成年吸烟者造成劝阻 当受到某些类型的警告时，不要改用电子烟。使用相同的移动实验室，我们 将使用相同的4之间(候选人警告)x 4范围(广告上诉)进行平行随机试验 设计，N=400，以测试在目标2中出现的对年轻人最有效的警告是否有 对成年吸烟者造成意想不到的后果。我们将测试青年有效的警示标签是否会影响 视觉注意力，可燃香烟和电子烟之间的风险比较，以及使用这两种产品的意图 (完全改用电子烟、两用或继续吸可燃香烟)。

PROJECT SUMMARY Trial and use of e-cigarettes among youth who are not users of combustible cigarettes has reached epidemic levels, and e-cigarette product advertisements (ads) have likely played a role. The widespread use of e- cigarettes poses significant harms to the health and well-being of adolescents. Increasing the strength of warning labels on ads for other tobacco products have been found to reduce the appeal of these products among young people, suggesting that they may also be an effective strategy to curb this epidemic among adolescents. One major challenge to the design of stronger and more effective health warnings on e-cigarette ads, however, is the risk that smokers of combustible cigarettes may be deterred from switching when they could experience major health benefits. Warnings therefore must communicate the risks of e-cigarettes to youth and non-smokers while also protecting perceptions of the benefits of switching completely to e-cigarettes among combustible cigarette smokers. This paradox presents a challenge for regulators. The goal of this series of studies is to inform the FDA on issues pertaining to e-cigarette warning regulations given this complex population paradox. Targeted outcomes include preferential visual attention to warnings over ad content, intentions to use both e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes, and risk beliefs about both tobacco products. Aim 1 will develop and test a set of candidate warning messages to maximize desirable outcomes among two populations within the paradox: nonsmoking youth and adult smokers. Aim 2 will experimentally test warnings on e-cigarette ads to maximize favorable effects on youth as the critical at-risk population. Using our state-of-the-art mobile lab outfitted with computing and eye-tracking technology, we will test the effects of promising warnings from Aim 1 in a randomized experiment with a 4between (candidate warnings) x 4within (ad appeals) design, N=400. We will identify warning labels that increase visual attention to the warnings, decrease attention to ad appeals, increase risk beliefs, and reduce use intentions. Aim 3 will experimentally test for unintended effects of warnings on e-cigarette with adult cigarette smokers who may be discouraged from switching to e-cigarettes when exposed to some types of warnings. Using the same mobile lab, we will conduct a parallel randomized experiment with the same 4between (candidate warnings) x 4within (ad appeals) design, N=400, to test whether the most effective warnings among youth that emerge in Aim 2 have any unintended consequences among adult smokers. We will test whether youth-effective warning labels influence visual attention, comparative risks between combustible and e-cigarettes, and intentions to use both products (switching completely to e-cigarettes, dual use, or continued smoking of combustible cigarettes) among adults.