Constitutional Compliance, Credibility, and FDA Regulated Tobacco Warning Labels

描述（由申请人提供）：烟草使用，主要是吸烟，每年在美国造成近50万例可预防的死亡，绝大多数新吸烟者未达到购买香烟的法定年龄。在低社会经济地位人群（包括低教育水平和低收入群体）中，吸烟率也是最高的。2009年，美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）被授予对烟草产品的生产、营销和分销进行监管的权力，以保护公众健康。2013年3月，美国政府决定不追究最高法院的听证会，这可能会推翻此前法院的裁决，即FDA提出的一套包装警告标签违宪。FDA现在将重新审视标签的内容，以传达吸烟的风险，同时维护烟草公司商业言论的第一修正案权利。该项目将通过测试信息策略来研究fda监管的反吸烟信息的变化如何对优先人群（年轻人和低社会地位群体）最有效，这些信息策略将提示有效性并减少阻力，同时保持对第一修正案的遵守。青年和社会经济地位较低的人群特别容易注意和处理信息中的背景因素，这些信息可能会分散人们对反烟草中心论点的注意力。这些上下文元素，如颜色、位置、大小和情感线索，一直是当前政策法规和法律争论的焦点。拟议的研究将继续响应新提议的FDA反烟草信息和随后的法律论据。为了实现这些目标，我们将进行7个对照实验室实验，随机分配参与者的条件和基于先前发表的几项研究中应用的方法。我们将与总共3840名参与者一起进行研究，通过移动实验室前往经验确定的弱势群体居住的地点。移动实验实验室将使研究小组能够快速评估新提出的信息和针对弱势群体的替代信息，这些信息在生物学上确认吸烟状态时传统上很难到达。该项目汇集了来自通信、人口健康、宪法法律和公共政策的跨学科研究团队，并将产生可以立即应用于FDA政策行动的研究结果，并解决有关合宪性的法律争论。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Tobacco use, primarily cigarette smoking, is responsible for almost half a million preventable deaths in the United States (US) each year, and the vast majority of new smokers are under the legal age to purchase cigarettes. Cigarette smoking rates are also highest among low socio-economic status (SES) populations (including low-education and low-income groups). In 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was granted regulatory authority over the manufacture, marketing, and distribution of tobacco products in order to protect public health. In March, 2013, the U.S. government decided not to pursue a Supreme Court hearing that may have reversed earlier court decisions ruling that a set of package warning labels proposed by the FDA were unconstitutional. The FDA will now revisit the content of the labels to convey the risks of smoking while maintaining the First Amendment rights to commercial speech of the tobacco companies. This project will examine how variations of FDA-regulated antismoking messages can be most effective for priority populations (youth and low SES groups) by testing message strategies that will cue effectiveness and reduce resistance, while maintaining compliance with the First Amendment. Youth and low SES populations are particularly susceptible to attending to and processing contextual elements of a message that can distract from the central anti-tobacco arguments. These contextual elements, such as color, placement, size, and emotional cues, have been the focus of ongoing policy regulation and legal argument. The proposed research will be continually responsive to newly proposed FDA anti-tobacco messaging and subsequent legal arguments. To accomplish these aims we will conduct 7 controlled laboratory experiments with random assignment of participants to conditions and based on methods applied in several previously published studies. We will conduct research with a total of 3,840 participants by traveling in a mobile laboratory to empirically identified locations where vulnerable populations reside. The mobile experiment lab will allow the team to quickly evaluate newly proposed messages and alternative messages with vulnerable populations that have been traditionally hard to reach while biologically confirming smoking status. This project brings together an interdisciplinary team of researchers from communication, population health, Constitutional law, and public policy and will yield findings that can be immediately applied to FDA policy actions and address legal arguments regarding constitutionality.