Multi-level analysis of affective inhibitory control

项目总结/摘要 现有的研究已经证明了早期生活逆境，抑制控制缺陷和 增加从事危险行为的可能性。这种增加的参与有助于无数的公众 健康和社会问题，包括未来精神病理学风险、法律的问题和过早死亡。 虽然早期逆境已被确定为一个关键的环境风险因素，但对 不同形式的逆境如何为以后的问题行为带来风险。最近的理论表明， 早期生活中的逆境可能会导致基于奖励和威胁的神经回路发生明显的变化， 抑制控制，并可能危及自我调节。这些改变反过来又被理论化为影响 个体接近奖励和避免威胁的动机倾向。鉴于其多面性， 抑制控制，需要跨多个分析单元的集成模型，以了解如何 各种因素的汇合促使人们从事危险行为。拟议研究的目的是 阐明早期生活逆境（如忽视、虐待）与成年后冒险行为之间的关系， 调查状态（奖励和压力环境）和特质（接近和回避动机） NIMH研究表明，正、负效价系统的指数对危险行为有影响 域标准（RDoC）框架。这项拟议中的研究将使用自我报告和神经成像数据 从社区成年人的不同样本中收集（N=100）。功能磁共振成像 在Go/No-Go任务中收集数据，这些任务诱导了积极和消极的情感状态（例如食欲 线索，消极情绪）。据推测，以剥夺为特征的幼儿期逆境将是 与大脑奖励处理区域的钝化激活以及参与冲动行为的倾向有关 满足接近动机的行为（目标1），而以威胁为特征的童年逆境将 与威胁处理大脑区域的高度激活以及参与冲动行为的倾向有关 满足回避动机的行为（目标2）。最后，我们将研究假定的相互作用途径 由此，早期生活逆境通过两个效价系统影响冒险行为（目标3）。本研究 方法是一致的NIMH倡议，以确定复杂的人类行为的神经系统。 这项研究的最终目标是为未来针对个人的预防和干预工作提供信息 他们从事冒险行为。此F31申请将为申请人提供培训机会 在三个关键领域：（1）早期生活逆境的神经生物学影响的知识，（2）功能磁共振成像研究 方法;（3）RDoC概念化技能。体制环境和指导结构 本申请书所包含的内容将为申请人的未来发展提供充足的机会 研究目标，包括使用最先进的神经影像研究设施。 !

Project Summary/Abstract Extant research has demonstrated associations between early life adversity, deficits in inhibitory control and an increased likelihood to engage in risky behaviors. This increased engagement contributes to a myriad of public health and societal problems, including risk for future psychopathology, legal problems, and premature death. Although early adversity has been identified as a critical environmental risk factor, less is understood about how different forms of adversity may confer risk for later problematic behaviors. Recent theories suggest that early life adversity may lead to distinct alterations in reward- and threat-based neural circuitry that influence inhibitory control and may compromise self-regulation. These alterations, in turn, are theorized to influence individuals' motivational tendencies to approach reward and avoid threat. Given the multi-faceted nature of inhibitory control, there is a need for integrated models that span multiple units of analyses to understand how a confluence of factors promotes engagement in risky behaviors. The objective of the proposed research is to elucidate the relationship between early life adversity (e.g. neglect, abuse) and adult risk-taking behaviors by investigating how state (rewarding and stressful contexts) and trait (approach and avoidance motivations) indices of Positive and Negative Valence Systems contribute to risky behavior using the NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework. The proposed research will use self-report and neuroimaging data collected from a diverse sample of community adults (N=100). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected during Go/No-Go tasks that induced positive and negative affective states (e.g. appetitive cues, negative mood). It is hypothesized that early childhood adversity characterized by deprivation would be associated with blunted activation in reward-processing brain regions and a tendency to engage in impulsive behavior to satisfy approach motivations (Aim 1), whereas childhood adversity characterized by threat would be related to heightened activation in threat-processing brain regions and a tendency to engage in impulsive behavior to satisfy avoidance motivations (Aim 2). Finally, we will examine putative interactive pathways whereby early life adversity impacts risk-taking behaviors through both valence systems (Aim 3). This research approach is consistent with the NIMH initiative to identify neural systems underlying complex human behaviors. The ultimate goal of this research is to inform future prevention and intervention efforts that target individuals who engage in risk-taking behaviors. This F31 application will provide opportunities for the applicant's training in three critical areas: (1) knowledge of the neurobiological effects of early life adversity, (2) fMRI research methods, and (3) RDoC conceptualization skills. The institutional environment and mentoring structure embedded in this application will provide ample opportunities for the applicant's development towards future research goals, including access to state-of-the-art neuroimaging research facilities. !