IoT-Based Smart-Toilet and Mobile App for Passively Quantifying Objective Urinary Biomarkers of Dietary Intake and Personalizing Nutrition Guidance

根据美国心脏协会(AHA)的数据，大约46%的美国成年人 人们患有高血压(高血压)。高血压是一种可改变的风险 心脏病、中风和肾衰竭的致病因素。据估计，改善预防措施 与所有其他预防性健康措施相比，高血压的临床护理将防止 美国死亡人数最多的除了高发病率和死亡率外，高血压 展示了美国医疗体系的主要经济负担。高血压是最昂贵的 所有心血管疾病，估计每年造成1310亿美元的损失。 指南建议“健康的生活方式干预”，包括更健康的饮食和 在开始药物干预之前，减少饮食中的钠摄入量。当前的方法 要监测遵守情况，必须依靠繁琐和不准确的方法。24小时召回 拥有公认的不准确性，个人往往在估计盐分方面做得很差 食物的含量。大约三分之一的美国成年人正在积极尝试降低饮食 钠摄入量。然而，几乎没有人达到这一目标。当被调查为什么很难维持时 在低钠饮食中，个人报告缺乏饮食反馈机制是最 巨大的障碍。通常情况下，接下来会开药物，但近50%的患者会停药 在6-12个月内服药。 至于为什么会发生这种情况，调查显示大多数 高血压患者希望避免副作用和永远服药。 除了对医生监测对生活方式干预的依从性的价值之外， 自我监测为患者提供了重要的价值。自我监控提高自我效能感 并例行公事地证明它有能力导致更好的饮食和其他生活方式行为 改变结果。例如，2018年的一项研究表明，尿钠跟踪有助于 在一项随机试验中，日本队列患者减少钠摄入量并降低收缩压。 即使是这个适度的钠减少量(1克)也会导致年摄入量的大幅下降 心血管事件和死亡人数(新增冠心病病例减少20,000人至40,000人 心肌梗死复发病例增加18,000例至35,000例，新发中风病例增加11,000例 到23,000人，任何死因的死亡人数减少15,000到32,000人)“，并节省数十亿的医疗费用。

According to the American Heart Association (AHA), roughly 46% of the U.S. adult population suffers from high blood pressure (hypertension). Hypertension is a modifiable risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and renal failure. It has been estimated that improving preventative clinical care for hypertension, compared to all other preventative health measures, would prevent the largest number of deaths in the U.S. In addition to high morbidity and mortality, hypertension exhibits a major economic burden on the U.S. healthcare system. Hypertension is the costliest of all cardiovascular diseases, inflicting an estimated $131B annually. Guidelines recommend “healthy lifestyle interventions,” including a healthier diet and a reduction in dietary sodium intake, before starting pharmaceutical interventions. Current methods for monitoring compliance rely on burdensome and inaccurate methods. The 24-hour recall possesses well-established inaccuracies and individuals tend to do a poor job of estimating the salt content of foods. Roughly a third of American adults are actively trying to lower their dietary sodium intake. However, few meet this goal. When surveyed as to why it is difficult to maintain a low sodium diet, individuals report the lack of dietary feedback mechanisms as one of the most significant barriers. Medications are typically prescribed next, but nearly 50% of patients stop taking medications within 6-12 months. As to why this happens, survey’s show most hypertensives want to avoid side-effects and taking a pill forever. In addition to value for the physician for monitoring compliance to lifestyle interventions, self-monitoring provides significant value for the patient. Self-monitoring improves self-efficacy and has routinely demonstrated its ability to lead to better dietary and other lifestyle behavior change outcomes. For example, a 2018 study demonstrated urinary sodium tracking helped a Japanese cohort decrease sodium intake and reduce systolic blood pressure in a randomized trial. Even this modest degree of sodium reduction (1 g) would “result in large declines in annual rates of cardiovascular events and deaths (with new cases of CHD declining by 20,000 to 40,000, new and recurrent cases of myocardial infarction by 18,000 to 35,000, new cases of stroke by 11,000 to 23,000, and deaths from any cause by 15,000 to 32,000)” and save billions in healthcare costs.