How infants use the affiliations of their caregivers to evaluate others.

项目摘要：人类婴儿面临着学习和参与他们的 社会世界，包括谁属于他们的社会群体。婴儿可以通过观察来推断社会关系 其他人的社交互动。例如，婴儿推断说这种语言的新个体之间的从属关系 相同的语言，同步的动作，相互模仿，或安慰同一个人(利伯曼， Woodward，&Kinzler，2017；Powell&Spelke，2018；Spokes&Spelke，2017)。然而，人们对此知之甚少。 婴儿如何将这些推论应用于他们在自己的社会环境中看到的互动。例如，DO 婴儿会注意他们的照顾者与谁有联系吗？此外，还有几个尚未解决的问题 关于婴儿对社会互动的看法的问题。例如，婴儿对模仿的推论是 不对称--尽管4个月和5个月大的婴儿预计模仿者会接近他们模仿的个体， 他们不期望被模仿的人接近模仿他们的人。同样， 尽管婴儿更喜欢模仿的人，但他们不喜欢被模仿的人(Powell，Spelke，2018)。 这可能是因为婴儿只代表“社会行为者”--进行社会行为的个体--以及 不是“社会目标”--社会行动所针对的个人。或者，这可能是因为婴儿更喜欢 很好的附属合作伙伴候选人，而被陌生人模仿并不能为此提供信息。 毕竟，一个人可以被模仿，而不需要回报，甚至不会被注意到。在目前的提案3中 假设被检验1)婴儿在评估新的人时把他们的照顾者当做‘参考’，他们更喜欢 那些与他们的照顾者有关联的人可以代表从属社会行为的目标，但 只有当婴儿知道社交行为者时，他们才会更喜欢他们3)婴儿从观看或互动中获得‘社会价值’ 与那些与他们的照顾者有关联的人。偏好将通过观看时间和 伸手可及。FNIRS(功能近红外光谱)将被用来调查婴儿的偏好 反映出一种“社会价值感”，而不是好奇心或兴趣。具体地说，MPFC中的激活(中间 前额叶皮质)与成人的社会价值相关，将其与LPFC中的激活进行比较 这与成人处理新奇信息有关。总而言之，这些研究将调查 人类基本的社会动机--寻找并加入一个人的直接社会群体。 这些研究将帮助我们了解儿童是如何形成群体内偏见的，特别是那些只在 童年后期，例如种族偏见。此外，了解这些产品的典型发展轨迹 社会动机将帮助我们理解具有非典型社会发展的人群，例如 自闭症谱系障碍。

PROJECT SUMMARY: Human infants are faced with the challenge of learning about and engaging in their social world, including who belongs to their social in-group. Infants can infer social relationships by observing social interactions of others. For example, infants infer affiliation between novel individuals who speak the same language, synchronize movement, imitate each other, or comfort the same individual (Liberman, Woodward, & Kinzler, 2017; Powell & Spelke, 2018; Spokes & Spelke, 2017). However, little is known about how infants apply these inferences to interactions they see in their own social environment. For example, do infants pay attention to whom their caregivers affiliate with? Moreover, there remains several outstanding questions about infant's perceptions of social interactions. For example, infant's inferences about imitation are asymmetric—although 4 and 5-months-olds expect that an imitator will approach the individual they imitated, they do not expect an individual who was imitated to approach the person who imitated them. Likewise, although infants prefer those who imitate; they do not prefer those who are imitated (Powell, Spelke, 2018). This could be because infants only represent 'social actors'—the individuals who perform social actions—and not 'social targets'—the individuals whom social actions are directed toward. Or, it could be that infants prefer good candidates for affiliative partners, and that being imitated by a stranger is not informative to that end. After all, a person could be imitated without reciprocating or even noticing. In the current proposal three hypotheses are tested 1) Infants use their caregivers as 'references' when evaluating new people, preferring those who are affiliated with their caregivers 2) Infants can represent targets of affiliative social actions, but only prefer them if the infants know the social actor 3) Infant's get 'social value' from looking at or interacting with those who are affiliated with their caregivers. Preference will be measured through looking time and reaching. fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy) will be used to investigate whether infants' preferences reflect a feeling of 'social value' as opposed to curiosity or interest. Specifically, activation in the MPFC (medial prefrontal cortex) which is associated with social value in adults, will be compared to activation in the LPFC which is associated with processing novel information in adults. To sum, these studies will investigate a fundamental human social motivation—to find and affiliate with those in one's immediate social in-group. These studies will help us understand how children develop in-group biases, especially those found only in later childhood such as racial biases. Moreover, understanding the typical developmental trajectory of these social motivations will help us understand populations with atypical social development such as those with autism spectrum disorder.