How infants use the affiliations of their caregivers to evaluate others.

项目概述：人类婴儿面临着学习和参与他们的挑战。 社交世界，包括谁属于他们的社交圈。婴儿可以通过观察来推断社会关系 他人的社会互动。例如，婴儿会推断出说这种语言的新个体之间的联系。 相同的语言，同步的动作，互相模仿，或安慰同一个人（利伯曼， Woodward，& Kinzler，2017; Powell & Spelke，2018; Spokes & Spelke，2017）。然而，人们对 婴儿如何将这些推论应用于他们在自己的社会环境中看到的互动。比如做 婴儿会注意他们的照顾者与谁有关系？此外，还有几个尚未解决的问题， 关于婴儿对社会互动的看法的问题。例如，婴儿关于模仿的推断是 不对称--尽管4个月和5个月大的婴儿期望模仿者接近他们模仿的人， 他们不希望被模仿的人接近模仿他们的人。同样地， 虽然婴儿更喜欢那些模仿的人;他们不喜欢那些被模仿的人（鲍威尔，斯佩尔克，2018）。 这可能是因为婴儿只代表“社会行动者”-执行社会行动的个体-并且 而不是“社会目标”--社会行动所针对的个人。或者婴儿更喜欢 亲密伴侣的好候选人，被陌生人模仿并不能提供信息。 毕竟，一个人可以被模仿，而不需要回报，甚至不需要注意。在目前的提案中，三 1）婴儿在评估新朋友时，会把他们的照顾者当作“参照物”， 2）婴儿可以代表附属社会行动的目标，但 只有当婴儿认识社会参与者时，他们才会更喜欢他们。3）婴儿从观看或互动中获得“社会价值” 与那些与他们的照顾者有联系的人。偏好将通过观看时间来衡量， 到达。fNIRS（功能性近红外光谱）将用于调查婴儿的偏好是否 反映了一种“社会价值”的感觉，而不是好奇心或兴趣。具体而言，MPFC中的激活（内侧 与成人社会价值相关的前额叶皮层）将与LPFC的激活进行比较 这与成年人处理新信息有关。总之，这些研究将调查一个 基本的人类社会动机--找到并与那些在自己的直接社会团体中的人联系。 这些研究将帮助我们了解儿童是如何发展内群体偏见的，特别是那些只在 比如种族歧视。此外，了解这些典型的发展轨迹， 社会动机将帮助我们了解具有非典型社会发展的人群， 自闭症谱系障碍

PROJECT SUMMARY: Human infants are faced with the challenge of learning about and engaging in their social world, including who belongs to their social in-group. Infants can infer social relationships by observing social interactions of others. For example, infants infer affiliation between novel individuals who speak the same language, synchronize movement, imitate each other, or comfort the same individual (Liberman, Woodward, & Kinzler, 2017; Powell & Spelke, 2018; Spokes & Spelke, 2017). However, little is known about how infants apply these inferences to interactions they see in their own social environment. For example, do infants pay attention to whom their caregivers affiliate with? Moreover, there remains several outstanding questions about infant's perceptions of social interactions. For example, infant's inferences about imitation are asymmetric—although 4 and 5-months-olds expect that an imitator will approach the individual they imitated, they do not expect an individual who was imitated to approach the person who imitated them. Likewise, although infants prefer those who imitate; they do not prefer those who are imitated (Powell, Spelke, 2018). This could be because infants only represent 'social actors'—the individuals who perform social actions—and not 'social targets'—the individuals whom social actions are directed toward. Or, it could be that infants prefer good candidates for affiliative partners, and that being imitated by a stranger is not informative to that end. After all, a person could be imitated without reciprocating or even noticing. In the current proposal three hypotheses are tested 1) Infants use their caregivers as 'references' when evaluating new people, preferring those who are affiliated with their caregivers 2) Infants can represent targets of affiliative social actions, but only prefer them if the infants know the social actor 3) Infant's get 'social value' from looking at or interacting with those who are affiliated with their caregivers. Preference will be measured through looking time and reaching. fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy) will be used to investigate whether infants' preferences reflect a feeling of 'social value' as opposed to curiosity or interest. Specifically, activation in the MPFC (medial prefrontal cortex) which is associated with social value in adults, will be compared to activation in the LPFC which is associated with processing novel information in adults. To sum, these studies will investigate a fundamental human social motivation—to find and affiliate with those in one's immediate social in-group. These studies will help us understand how children develop in-group biases, especially those found only in later childhood such as racial biases. Moreover, understanding the typical developmental trajectory of these social motivations will help us understand populations with atypical social development such as those with autism spectrum disorder.