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How infants use the affiliations of their caregivers to evaluate others.

婴儿如何利用照顾者的关系来评价他人。

基本信息

批准号：
10049242
负责人：
Ashley J. Thomas
金额：
$ 6.64万
依托单位：
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2018
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2018-09-01 至 2021-08-31
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

PROJECT SUMMARY: Human infants are faced with the challenge of learning about and engaging in their social world, including who belongs to their social in-group. Infants can infer social relationships by observing social interactions of others. For example, infants infer affiliation between novel individuals who speak the same language, synchronize movement, imitate each other, or comfort the same individual (Liberman, Woodward, & Kinzler, 2017; Powell & Spelke, 2018; Spokes & Spelke, 2017). However, little is known about how infants apply these inferences to interactions they see in their own social environment. For example, do infants pay attention to whom their caregivers affiliate with? Moreover, there remains several outstanding questions about infant's perceptions of social interactions. For example, infant's inferences about imitation are asymmetric—although 4 and 5-months-olds expect that an imitator will approach the individual they imitated, they do not expect an individual who was imitated to approach the person who imitated them. Likewise, although infants prefer those who imitate; they do not prefer those who are imitated (Powell, Spelke, 2018). This could be because infants only represent 'social actors'—the individuals who perform social actions—and not 'social targets'—the individuals whom social actions are directed toward. Or, it could be that infants prefer good candidates for affiliative partners, and that being imitated by a stranger is not informative to that end. After all, a person could be imitated without reciprocating or even noticing. In the current proposal three hypotheses are tested 1) Infants use their caregivers as 'references' when evaluating new people, preferring those who are affiliated with their caregivers 2) Infants can represent targets of affiliative social actions, but only prefer them if the infants know the social actor 3) Infant's get 'social value' from looking at or interacting with those who are affiliated with their caregivers. Preference will be measured through looking time and reaching. fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy) will be used to investigate whether infants' preferences reflect a feeling of 'social value' as opposed to curiosity or interest. Specifically, activation in the MPFC (medial prefrontal cortex) which is associated with social value in adults, will be compared to activation in the LPFC which is associated with processing novel information in adults. To sum, these studies will investigate a fundamental human social motivation—to find and affiliate with those in one's immediate social in-group. These studies will help us understand how children develop in-group biases, especially those found only in later childhood such as racial biases. Moreover, understanding the typical developmental trajectory of these social motivations will help us understand populations with atypical social development such as those with autism spectrum disorder.

项目摘要：人类婴儿面临着学习和参与自己的生活的挑战社交世界，包括谁属于他们的社交内群体。婴儿可以通过观察来推断社会关系他人的社交互动。例如，婴儿会推断出讲英语的新个体之间的关系相同的语言，同步的动作，互相模仿，或者安慰同一个人（利伯曼，伍德沃德和金兹勒，2017；鲍威尔和斯佩尔克，2018；辐条与斯佩尔克，2017）。然而，人们对此知之甚少婴儿如何将这些推论应用到他们在自己的社会环境中看到的互动中。例如，做婴儿关注他们的照顾者属于谁？此外，还有几项未完成的工作关于婴儿对社交互动的看法的问题。例如，婴儿对模仿的推论是不对称——尽管 4 和 5 个月大的孩子期望模仿者会接近他们所模仿的人，他们不期望被模仿的人接近模仿他们的人。同样地，虽然婴儿更喜欢那些模仿的人；他们不喜欢那些被模仿的人（Powell，Spelke，2018）。这可能是因为婴儿仅代表“社会参与者”——进行社会行为的个人——并且不是“社会目标”——社会行动所针对的个人。或者，可能是婴儿更喜欢被陌生人模仿并不能提供任何信息。毕竟，一个人可能会被模仿而没有回报，甚至没有注意到。在目前的提案三中测试假设 1) 婴儿在评估新人时使用他们的照顾者作为“参考”，更喜欢那些与其照顾者有联系的人 2) 婴儿可以代表亲和社会行动的目标，但是仅当婴儿认识社会参与者时才更喜欢它们 3) 婴儿通过观看或互动获得“社会价值” 与那些与他们的照顾者有联系的人。偏好将通过观看时间和达到。 fNIRS（功能性近红外光谱）将用于调查婴儿的偏好是否反映“社会价值”的感觉，而不是好奇心或兴趣。具体来说，MPFC（内侧与成人社会价值相关的前额皮质）将与 LPFC 的激活进行比较这与成人处理新信息有关。总而言之，这些研究将调查人类的基本社会动机——寻找并加入那些属于自己直接社会群体的人。这些研究将帮助我们了解儿童如何产生群体内偏见，尤其是那些仅在群体中发现的偏见。童年后期，例如种族偏见。此外，了解这些人的典型发展轨迹社会动机将帮助我们了解具有非典型社会发展的人群，例如患有自闭症谱系障碍。