Characterizing Low Alcohol Sensitivity in Laboratory and Real-World Contexts

对酒精的急性反应的不同敏感性，特别是镇静样效应的减少和增强 刺激样效应(这里简写为“低敏感度”；LS)是酒精的潜在危险因素 虐待、依赖和饮酒--或有不良后果。然而，目前相对较少的是 已知LS促进问题饮酒的特定心理机制。 本文提出的研究旨在检验一种新的基于激励的翻译假说 成瘾的敏感化理论，将LS与特定的心理和神经生物学过程联系起来 促进饮酒欲望和动力，促进大量饮酒。拟议的研究将使用一种 结合基于实验室的措施来衡量对酒精的关注、动机和激励价值- 相关线索(酒精线索--反应性；ACR)和生态瞬时评估(EMA) 饮酒及相关经历。参赛者为年轻饮酒者(年龄18-20岁) 社区，允许调查一个新的，理论驱动的模型，在一个问题饮酒期间 酒精参与的关键发育期(成年初现)。使用多种招聘方式 ，我们将筛选潜在参与者，以获得有关他们的酒精敏感性水平的信息(AS 通过有效问卷确定)和饮酒模式。420名新兴成年人(70人)的目标样本 男性和70名女性)将被邀请参加实验室会议 在此期间，将使用四个任务来评估ACR：(1)视觉网点探测任务评估 通过酒精线索非自愿地捕获注意；(2)酒精接近--评估内隐的回避任务 酒精线索诱发的接近偏向；(3)酒精线索诱发的P3事件相关电位波幅。 评估酒精的激励价值；以及(4)嗅觉线索暴露任务，测量自我报告的渴望 为了喝酒。在这次实验课程之后，参与者将开始为期21天的EMA期间，在此期间他们将 使用智能手机应用程序记录酒精暗示暴露、酒精渴望、饮酒行为和不良反应 在自然环境中饮酒的后果。参与者将完成一项在线跟踪调查 在实验室会议结束一年后。这项研究将使我们能够(A)描述个体差异如何 在酒精敏感性方面，涉及神经行为和自我报告的激励敏化过程的措施； (B)调查LS与饮酒行为、ACR、渴求和年轻饮酒者的自然问题之间的关系 以及(C)评估酒精敏感性、实验室内表型、 经过生态评估的饮酒经历，以及有问题的饮酒结果。这种方法将产生一个 独特而丰富的数据集，从中发现的结果将有助于填补现有关于霍乱病因知识的关键空白 澳元的LS相关风险。

Differential sensitivity to the acute effects of alcohol, particularly reduced sedation-like effects and enhanced stimulation-like effects (here simplified as “low sensitivity;” LS), is known to be a potent risk factor for alcohol abuse, dependence, and drinking-contingent adverse consequences. However, at present relatively little is known concerning the specific psychological mechanisms through which LS promotes problematic drinking. The research proposed here is aimed at testing a novel translational hypothesis, based in the incentive sensitization theory of addiction, linking LS with specific psychological and neurobiological processes that both promote craving and motivation for alcohol and facilitate heavy drinking. The proposed research will use a combination of laboratory-based measures to gauge attention to, motivation for, and incentive value of alcohol- related cues (alcohol cue-reactivity; ACR) and ecological momentary assessments (EMA) of ‘real-world’ drinking and related experiences. Participants will be young drinkers (ages 18-20 years) recruited from the community, permitting investigation of a novel, theory-driven model of risk for problematic drinking during a critical developmental period for alcohol involvement (emerging adulthood). Using a variety of recruitment channels, we will screen potential participants to obtain information about their level of alcohol sensitivity (as determined using validated questionnaires) and drinking patterns. A target sample of 420 emerging adults (70 males and 70 females in each of three sensitivity terciles) will be invited to participate in a laboratory session during which four tasks will be used to evaluate ACR: (1) a visual dot-probe detection task assessing involuntary capture of attention by alcohol cues; (2) an alcohol approach-avoidance task evaluating implicit approach bias elicited by alcohol cues; (3) amplitude of the P3 event-related potential elicited by alcohol cues, assessing incentive value for alcohol; and (4) an olfactory cue exposure task measuring self-reported craving for alcohol. Following this laboratory session, participants will begin a 21-day EMA period during which they will use a smartphone app to record alcohol cue exposure, alcohol craving, drinking behaviors, and adverse consequences of drinking in their natural environments. Participants will complete an online follow-up survey one year after the laboratory session. The research will permit us to (a) characterize how individual differences in alcohol sensitivity relate to neurobehavioral and self-report measures of incentive sensitization processes; (b) investigate how LS relates to drinking behavior, ACR, craving, and problems in young drinkers' natural environments; and (c) evaluate empirical associations among alcohol sensitivity, laboratory endophenotypes, ecologically assessed drinking experiences, and problematic drinking outcomes. This approach will produce a unique and rich dataset, findings from which will help fill critical gaps in extant knowledge about the etiology of LS-related risk for AUD.