Border ownership and grouping in primate visual cortex

灵长类视觉皮层的边界所有权和分组

• 批准号: 10250489
• 负责人: Tom P. Franken
• 金额: $ 11万
• 依托单位: SALK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-09-30 至 2022-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10250489
• 关键词: Area; B-Lymphocytes; Biological; Brain; Calcium; Cells; Characteristics; Complement; Cues; Data; Development Plans; Diagnostic; Disease; Distal; Electrodes; Electrophysiology (science); Etiology; Exhibits; Face; Faculty; Feedback; Functional disorder; G Cells; Genetic; Goals; Grouping; Illusions; Image; Institutes; Interneurons; Lentivirus; Link; Macaca; Macaca mulatta; Maps; Mediating; Memory; Mentors; Neurologic; Neurons; Neurophysiology - biologic function; Optics; Ownership; Perception; Primates; Probability; Property; Reading; Recording of previous events; Research; Research Personnel; Resolution; Role; Scientist; Side; Signal Transduction; Stimulus; Surface; Syndrome; System; Techniques; Testing; Tetanus Helper Peptide; Therapeutic; Time; Training; Viral; Vision Disparity; Visual; Visual Agnosias; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception; Work; area V2; area V4; awake; career; career development; cell type; design; excitatory neuron; falls; fluorophore; inhibitory neuron; neural circuit; neurophysiology; neurotransmission; nonhuman primate; orientation selectivity; preference; receptive field; relating to nervous system; response; tool; two-photon; visual neuroscience; visual processing

Project Summary/Abstract Making sense of visual scenes requires a correct assignment of the borders that occur between object and background, or between objects, to the foreground object. Macaque visual cortical areas V2, V4 and V1 contain neurons that are selective for border ownership. These cells encode border ownership even if distal visual cues that define which sides of a boundary are object and ground fall far outside of the neuron’s receptive field. This selectivity often persists even when these distal cues disappear, a form of stimulus hysteresis or memory. Prior studies suggest that this border ownership selectivity relies on corticocortical feedback from hypothetical downstream neurons with receptive fields that cover the complete object, termed grouping cells. No prior study has found these hypothesized grouping cells. Thus, though border ownership cells have been found, the neural circuits that endow them with border ownership selectivity remain poorly understood, as does their role in perception. The goals of the proposed research are to determine the micro-organization of border ownership and grouping cells in the macaque visual cortex, and to relate their activity to perceived border ownership. The candidate will use advanced electrophysiological, optophysiological and viral targeting techniques in behaving macaques to achieve these goals. In Aim 1, the candidate will use two-photon calcium imaging to identify border ownership cells and grouping cells, and test specific hypotheses about how they are organized within the columnar layout of macaque Area V4. In Aim 2, the candidate will combine two-photon calcium imaging and viral targeting techniques to distinguish excitatory from inhibitory neurons in V4, and assess their role in border ownership. In Aim 3, the candidate will relate the activity of border ownership and grouping cells in areas V2/V1 and V4 to perception by recording their activity with laminar multielectrodes while reading out perceived border ownership. The candidate has extensive electrophysiological expertise including in behaving non-human primates, but needs training in two-photon calcium imaging and viral approaches, which are the technical goals of the career development plan. The primary mentor is Dr. John Reynolds, a leader in the neurophysiology of visual cortex in behaving macaques. The co-mentor is Dr. Ed Callaway, a pioneer in viral targeting and two- photon imaging in macaques. Both Dr. Reynolds and Dr. Callaway have a strong history of mentoring young scientists and are faculty at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, an institute with a strong history in visual neuroscience. Recent advances in optical recording techniques and viral approaches have enabled high- resolution studies of genetically targeted neurons in functioning neural circuits. Combined with his background in electrophysiology, the additional training will provide the candidate with the expertise that will enable him to launch a successful career as an independent investigator studying the neural basis of visual perception in behaving non-human primates. A deeper understanding of the computations performed in the primate visual cortex is imperative for designing better diagnostic tools and treatments for central visual processing disorders.

项目概要/摘要 理解视觉场景需要正确分配物体和物体之间的边界。 背景，或对象之间，到前景对象。猕猴视觉皮层区域 V2、V4 和 V1 包含 对边界所有权有选择性的神经元。这些细胞编码边界所有权，即使远端视觉线索 定义边界的哪一侧是物体，哪一侧是地面，远远超出神经元的感受野。这 即使这些远端线索消失，选择性通常仍然存在，这是一种刺激滞后或记忆的形式。事先的 研究表明，这种边界所有权选择性依赖于假设的皮质反馈 下游神经元的感受野覆盖整个物体，称为分组细胞。没有事先研究过 发现了这些假设的分组细胞。因此，尽管边界所有权细胞已经被发现，但神经元 赋予它们边界所有权选择性的电路仍然知之甚少，它们在 洞察力。拟议研究的目标是确定边境所有权的微观组织 对猕猴视觉皮层中的细胞进行分组，并将它们的活动与感知到的边界所有权联系起来。这 候选人将使用先进的电生理学、光生理学和病毒靶向技术来表现行为 猕猴来实现这些目标。在目标 1 中，考生将使用双光子钙成像来识别边界 所有权单元和分组单元，并测试有关它们如何在组织内组织的具体假设 V4区猕猴柱状布局。在目标 2 中，候选人将结合双光子钙成像和病毒 靶向技术区分 V4 中的兴奋性和抑制性神经元，并评估它们在边界中的作用 所有权。在目标 3 中，候选人将把边界所有权活动与 V2/V1 区域中的分组单元联系起来 V4 和 V4 通过用层状多电极记录它们的活动来感知，同时读出感知边界 所有权。候选人拥有广泛的电生理学专业知识，包括非人类行为方面的专业知识 灵长类动物，但需要双光子钙成像和病毒方法的培训，这是技术目标 的职业发展计划。主要导师是神经生理学领域的领军人物约翰·雷诺兹 (John Reynolds) 博士。 猕猴行为的视觉皮层。共同导师是埃德·卡拉威 (Ed Callaway) 博士，他是病毒靶向和两个领域的先驱 猕猴的光子成像。雷诺兹博士和卡拉威博士都有指导年轻人的悠久历史 科学家和索尔克生物研究所的教员，该研究所在视觉方面拥有悠久的历史 神经科学。光学记录技术和病毒方法的最新进展使得高 功能神经回路中基因靶向神经元的分辨率研究。结合他的背景 在电生理学方面，额外的培训将为候选人提供专业知识，使他能够 作为一名独立研究者，研究视觉感知的神经基础，开启了成功的职业生涯 非人类灵长类动物的行为。更深入地了解灵长类动物视觉中执行的计算 皮质对于设计更好的中枢视觉处理障碍诊断工具和治疗方法至关重要。