Project 5: Novel Filtration Devices for Arsenic Reduction

摘要：项目5 在美国，14%的美国人依赖私人水井作为饮用水来源。在北卡罗来纳州，地因和 人为污染物(如无机砷、锰、铬和钒)渗入 私人水井，使居民面临健康后果的风险(例如，与IAS暴露相关的糖尿病)。一个 据估计，北卡罗来纳州约有300万人饮用私人水井的水，占总人口的三分之一。 IAS浓度高达800微克/升，美国EPA和NC-DHHS建议使用反渗透膜 过滤和固体介质去除井水中的IAS，因为这些技术需要的化学物质最少 以及删除IAS的步骤，并且易于实施。然而，这两个人面临的两个重要挑战 在这方面的技术是：(I)没有充分消除As(Iii)(即最危险的IAS物种)， 和(2)产生富含国际原子能机构的废物。在这两种技术中，膜技术最适合处理地下水。 因为与固体介质相比，它们在去除As(III)方面更有效，操作更容易， 紧凑，提供更快的清洁水。然而，膜系统允许富含IAS的卤水重新- 进入水循环，不是专门为去除IAS和共生污染物(CCS)而设计的。 可以说，与膜相比，固体介质最有价值的优势是由此产生的富含IAS的废物 更容易处理。我们假设，一个集成的膜-吸附剂系统将去除IAS和 来自地下水的CCS比现有的家庭水处理系统效率更高，而 最大限度地减少IAS重新进入环境。因此，项目5与UNC-SRP的主题保持一致 中心，“确定减少国际会计准则暴露的新方法，并阐明国际会计准则的潜在机制-- 以疾病预防为愿景的诱发代谢功能障碍“，并解决了#年SRP任务4 使用假设驱动的研究为受暴露影响的社区开发面向产品的解决方案 致IAS和CCS。项目5将解决以下方面的研究差距：(1)开发有效消除砷的技术；(3) (2)优化膜去除IAS的能力，特别是As(III)， 在不影响水分生产率的情况下；(3)开发吸附剂来处理含IAS的膜卤水；(4) 介绍去除水体中地源和人为CCS(即：Mn(II)、Cr、V)的概念 (V)引入生物医学指标以评估主要关注污染物的表现 膜过滤系统。我们将实现三个具体目标：一是发展壮大。 聚酰胺、磺化聚醚组合膜去除地下水中IAS和CCS的优化 (SPEK)和/或混合基质化学；第二，我们将优化聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)- 用于膜卤水中IAS和CCS脱除的颗粒吸附剂；第三，我们将部署一个集成的 膜-吸附剂系统原型，并评估其在受影响的NC社区中的性能稳定性。

ABSTRACT: PROJECT 5 In the US, 14% of Americans rely on private wells as their drinking water source. In NC, geogenic and anthropogenic contaminants (e.g., inorganic arsenic (iAs), manganese, chromium, and vanadium) infiltrate private wells, placing residents at risk for health outcomes (e.g., diabetes associated with iAs exposure). An estimated ~3 million individuals representing one-third of the population in NC drink water from private wells with iAs concentrations up to 800 µg/L. The US EPA and NC-DHHS recommend reverse osmosis membrane filtration and solid media to remove iAs from well water because these technologies require the fewest chemicals and steps to remove iAs and are easy to implement. However, two important challenges to these two technologies in this context are that both: (i) inadequately remove As(III) (i.e., the most hazardous iAs species), and (ii) produce iAs-enriched waste. Of the two technologies, membranes are best suited to treat groundwater because compared to solid media, they are more effective at removing As(III), are easier to operate, are more compact, and afford faster access to clean water. However, membrane systems allow iAs-enriched brines to re- enter into the water cycle and are not designed specifically to remove iAs and co-occurring contaminants (CCs). Arguably, the most valuable advantage solid media has over membranes is that the resulting iAs-enriched waste is easier to dispose. We hypothesize that an integrated membrane-sorbent system will remove iAs and CCs from groundwater with better efficacy than existing in-home water treatment systems, while minimizing iAs re-entry into the environment. Project 5 therefore aligns with the theme of the UNC-SRP Center, “Identifying novel methods to reduce iAs exposure and elucidating mechanisms underlying iAs- induced metabolic dysfunction with a vision for disease prevention” and addresses SRP Mandate 4 in using hypothesis-driven research to develop a product-oriented solution for communities affected by exposure to iAs and CCs. Project 5 will address research gaps to: (i) develop technologies that effectively remove As(III) from water without chemical pretreatment; (ii) optimize the ability of membranes to remove iAs, especially As(III), without compromising water productivity; (iii) develop sorbents to treat iAs-containing membrane brines; (iv) introduce the concept of removing geogenic and anthropogenic CCs (i.e., Mn(II), Cr, V) from waters in addition to the primary contaminant of concern (iAs); and (v) introduce biomedical metrics to assess performance of iAs membrane filtration systems. We will accomplish our goals with three specific aims: First, we will develop and optimize membranes to remove iAs and CCs from groundwater by combining polyamide, sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (sPEEK), and/or mixed-matrix chemistries; Second, we will optimize a polyethylenimine (PEI)- based granular sorbent for iAs and CCs removal from membrane brine; Third, we will deploy an integrated membrane-sorbent system prototype and evaluate it for performance stability in impacted NC communities.