The impact of bilingualism on cognitive reserve/resilience using socio-demographically and linguistically diverse populations

项目摘要 阿尔茨海默病（AD）是最常见的痴呆症，影响全球数百万人。 尽管在理解AD的基本生物学结构方面取得了进展， 双语人口已经超过了单语人口，我们对双语影响的理解 AD/ADRD（AD和相关痴呆）仍然有限。以前的双语研究表明， 经验影响认知和AD/ADRD，尽管由于人口统计学的可变性而在不同的规模上 ADRD风险因素的特征和患病率。 本研究的首要目标是直接询问双语的神经和社会文化方面 跨多个种族/族裔群体，特别强调解构双语和 AD.为了实现这一目标，加州大学旧金山弗朗西斯科研究中心 加州、印度国家精神健康和神经科学研究所以及健康与衰老大脑 研究-德克萨斯州的健康差异研究将共同汇集一个最大的，多元文化，多语言， 由2,200名代表世界上最常用语言的人组成的特征鲜明的队列： 汉语、西班牙语、卡纳达语和英语。 该研究小组将收集有关认知、成像、分子生物标志物、语言 背景、SDOH、随访语言、SDOH和认知数据。我们打算建立 通过对双语现象的解构和对双语现象认知功能的考察， 通过一个多维的透镜。我们将探讨这种多层面双语现象的相互关系 使用结构和功能磁共振构建健康的认知和社会决定因素 影像学和AD/ADRD分子生物标志物。我们的中心假设是，特定的双语特征 通过脑机制和认知机制改善执行控制，影响认知轨迹 即使在考虑了健康和AD/ADRD生物标志物的社会决定因素后， 这项研究将为双语的多维度性提供新的机制性见解， 创造一个独特的机会，研究双语的认知相关性，使用社会人口统计学和 语言多样的群体。本研究还具有独特的设置，以评估的普遍性， 提出了跨社会文化不同人群的认知双语理论框架， 人口统计学和语言背景。

PROJECT SUMMARY Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, impacting millions of people globally. Despite the advancements in understanding fundamental biological constructs of AD and the fact that the global population of bilinguals has outnumbered monolinguals, our understanding of the impact of bilingualism on AD/ADRD (AD and related dementias) remains limited. Previous bilingualism studies suggest that the bilingual experience impacts cognition and AD/ADRD, albeit in varying scale that stems from variabilities in demographic profiles and prevalence of ADRD risk factors. The overarching goal of this study is to directly interrogate the neural and sociocultural aspects of bilingualism across multiple race/ethnic groups, with specific emphasis on deconstructing the links between bilingualism and AD. To accomplish this, the University of California, San Francisco Alzheimer's Disease Research Center in California, the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences in India, and the Health and Aging Brain Study- Health Disparities study in Texas will jointly assemble one of the largest, multicultural, multilingual, and well-characterized cohort of 2,200 individuals representing the world’s most commonly spoken languages: Chinese, Spanish, Kannada, and English languages. This study team will collect cross-sectional data on cognition, imaging, molecular biomarkers, language background, and SDOH, and follow-up language, SDOH, and cognitive data for three years. We intend to build a theoretical framework on the cognitive role of bilingualism by deconstructing bilingualism and examining its features via a multidimensional lens. We will examine the inter-relationship of this multidimensional bilingualism construct with cognition and social determinants of health using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging and AD/ADRD molecular biomarkers. Our central hypothesis is that specific bilingualism features would influence the cognitive trajectory by improving executive control through the mechanism of brain and cognitive reserve even after accounting for social determinants of health and AD/ADRD biomarkers. This proposed study will provide novel mechanistic insights into the multidimensionality of bilingualism and create an exclusive opportunity to study the cognitive relevance of bilingualism using socio-demographically and linguistically diverse cohorts. This study also has the unique settings to evaluate the generalizability of the proposed cognitive-bilingualism theoretical framework across populations that differ in sociocultural, demographic, and linguistic background.