Mitochondrial regulation of stress reactivity in humans

慢性生理系统的失调主要表现为平衡负荷(AL)和异常 应激反应特征，这是增加未来疾病风险的精神病理条件的特征。 但是，个体间压力调节和反应能力差异的生物学基础仍然存在。 未知。即使是在面临标准化实验室挑战的健康个体群体中，如 作为Trier社会压力测试(TSST)，在反应的大小上有很大的差异 生理系统，包括但不限于下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴、自主神经 神经系统(ANS)和心血管系统、代谢变化、免疫和促炎 系统。所有压力系统的一个共同因素是它们对能源供应的依赖，这为每一个 应激反应的一个方面，包括分子、细胞、系统和认知/心理功能。在… 在细胞水平上，能量由线粒体提供，线粒体是填充细胞质的独特细胞器， 含有他们自己的基因组，线粒体DNA(MtDNA)，这是线粒体健康所必需的。线粒体DNA 缺陷导致线粒体结构和功能的多个方面的失调，称为线粒体 不平衡负荷(MAL)。三条主要的证据表明，MAL有助于AL并调节压力 人类的反应：i)我们最近发现，线粒体DNA在心理应激后释放 人类(PNEC 2019)，II)实验诱导的动物MAL引起多系统的特定变化 对心理压力的生理反应(PNAS 2015)，以及III)线粒体是压力的来源 激素，包括在肾上腺内线粒体中合成的皮质醇(NAT Genetics 2012)。 综上所述，这些证据表明，MAL可能会改变基线AL和应激反应特征，潜在地 对压力调节和总体健康的个体间差异的来源提供了新的见解。在……里面 这个项目，我们进行了第一次全面的评估MAL，系统性AL，多系统应激反应性 针对三组个体的实验室挑战(TSST)，这些个体具有罕见的mtDNA缺陷， 选择性地引起不同形式的MAL，并在健康对照组中。多系统应激生物标志物分析 在禁食基线和应激反应条件下，将提供连接MAL的通路的全面测试 强调人类的生理学。生成的高维数据将使用综合数据进行处理 分析方法和分类算法，包括交叉验证的机器学习模型，以识别 静息和应激反应生物标志物对MAL的反应。同时，对高管的评估 心理社会功能的关键领域，包括情绪、压力、焦虑、抑郁症状， 而幸福感将有助于提供新的线粒体心理生物学的全面图景 小路。

Chronic dysregulation of physiological systems manifests systemically as allostatic load (AL) and in abnormal stress reactivity profiles, which are features of psychopathological conditions that increase future disease risk. But the biological basis underlying inter-individual differences in stress regulation and reactivity remains unknown. Even among populations of healthy individuals exposed to standardized laboratory challenges, such as the Trier social stress test (TSST), there are substantial differences in the magnitude of responses in multiple physiological systems, including but not limited to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and cardiovascular system, metabolic changes, and immune and pro-inflammatory systems. One common factor to all stress systems is their dependence on energy supply, which fuels every aspect of the stress response including molecular, cellular, systemic and cognitive/psychological functioning. At the cellular level, energy is provided by mitochondria, unique organelles that populate the cell cytoplasm and contain their own genome, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), that is essential to mitochondrial health. MtDNA defects cause dysregulation of multiple aspects of mitochondrial structure and function, known as mitochondrial allostatic load (MAL). Three main lines of evidence suggest that MAL contributes to AL and regulates stress responses in humans: i) we recently discovered that the mtDNA is released following psychological stress in humans (PNEC 2019), ii) experimentally-induced MAL in animals caused specific alterations in the multisystem physiological responses to psychological stress (PNAS 2015), and iii) mitochondria are the source of stress hormones, including cortisol that is synthesized in mitochondria within the adrenal glands (Nat Genetics 2012). Together, this evidence suggests that MAL may alter both baseline AL and stress reactivity profiles, potentially providing new insight into the source of interindividual differences in stress regulation and health in general. In this project, we perform the first comprehensive assessment of MAL, systemic AL, multisystem stress reactivity to a laboratory challenge (TSST) in three groups of individuals who have rare genetic mtDNA defects that selectively causes different forms of MAL and in a healthy control group. Multisystem stress biomarker profiling under fasting baseline and stress reactive conditions will provide a comprehensive test of pathways linking MAL to stress physiology in humans. The resulting high-dimensionality data will be treated using integrative data analytic approaches and classifying algorithms, including cross-validated machine learning models, to identify resting and stress-reactive biomarker signatures responsive to MAL. In parallel, assessments of executive function and key domains of psychosocial functioning including mood, stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and well-being will contribute to provide a comprehensive picture of novel mitochondrial psychobiological pathways.