Children's Exposure to Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution within the SHEAR Project in Rwanda

摘要： 每年有400多万人死于室外空气污染，几乎相同的数字 因室内暴露在肮脏的燃料中而死亡。尽管发展中国家的疾病负担最大， 绝大多数文学作品都聚焦于富裕国家，尤其缺乏高质量的文学作品。 关于撒哈拉以南非洲的作者。儿童由于高度肥胖，极易受到空气污染对健康的影响。 呼吸频率、发育中的肺结构和免疫系统；因此，他们是一个特别感兴趣的人群 在评估空气污染的影响时。这在撒哈拉以南非洲地区目前是不可能的，因为 缺乏对空气污染的来源、原因和影响的科学了解，数据收集效率低下和 空气质量分析不足，空气质量标准薄弱，空气质量监测站资金不足。大多数研究都是关于 空气污染对儿童健康的影响使用了来自家庭地点的暴露估计；只有一小部分 许多人测试了室外空气污染水平与室内和室外空气污染水平之间的关系 家庭和一系列儿童的健康结果，从而限制了关于室内 与室外空气质量相互影响。我在这里提出了一个研究和职业发展计划来研究 在卢旺达农村地区，儿童暴露在空气污染中，并解决这些知识差距问题。的总体目标 这项研究是为了开发一个低成本的农村细颗粒物(PM2.5)空气污染监测网络 卢旺达(目标1)，并结合从剪切试验收集的暴露数据(如下所述)， 检查室外和室内污染源对儿童暴露在PM2.5中的影响程度 (目标2)。这项研究进行了三年多，将综合现有的数据和知识，利用实地 测量、建模、调查和多变量分析。拟议的项目与 卢旺达可持续家庭能源采用(SHEL)项目(由我的指导团队领导)，我将 这款K43的杠杆作用。我将创建一个监控网络，并使用符合条件的 户型内有剪切型项目。同时测量个人(儿童)和家庭水平 对PM2.5的暴露将在3年内进行(反映了按季节重复采取的措施)。化学制品 收集的PM2.5将(有机和元素碳、金属、离子)的形态将允许污染暴露(在 社区、家庭、个人级别)适用于各种室内/室外信号源(即车辆 排放、道路灰尘、生物质烟雾)。这项研究将导致发表三个同行评议的 提交给卢旺达政府的文件和以政策为重点的报告。这项工作将使我能够直接与 科罗拉多州立大学(CSU)教授约翰·沃尔肯斯博士和玛吉·克拉克博士以及西奥内斯特博士 卢旺达大学教授Ntakirutimana承认空气污染、暴露科学、 流行病学，公共卫生。培训活动将包括(1)工程/传感器开发；(2)数据 科学和统计学；(3)流行病学和健康影响；(4)健康传播。

Abstract: More than four million people die each year from exposure to outdoor air pollution and nearly the same number perish from indoor exposure to dirty fuels. Despite the largest burden of disease being in developing countries, the vast majority of literature has focused on wealthy nations and there is a particular absence of high-quality authorship on sub-Saharan Africa. Children are highly susceptible to air pollution health impacts due to their high breathing rates, developing lung structures and immune systems; they are thus a population of particular interest when assessing the impacts of air pollution. This is not currently possible in sub-Saharan Africa region due to a lack of scientific understanding of the sources, causes and impacts of air pollution, inefficient data collection and analysis, weak air quality standards, and inadequate funding for air quality monitoring stations. Most studies on the health effects of air pollution on children have used exposure estimates from home locations; only a small number have tested the association between outdoor air pollution levels measured inside and outside of households and a range of children’s health outcomes, thus limiting the information on the extent to which indoor and outdoor air quality affect each other. I propose here a research and career development plan to study children’s exposure to air pollution in rural Rwanda and to address these knowledge gaps. The overall aims of the research is to develop a network of low-cost monitors for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution in rural Rwanda (Aim 1) and In conjunction with exposure data collected from the SHEAR trial (described below), examine the extent to which both outdoor and indoor pollution sources contribute to children’s exposure to PM2.5 (Aim 2). This research, conducted over 3 years will synthesize current data and knowledge using field measurement, modelling, surveys and multivariate analysis. The proposed project aligns well with the Sustainable Household Energy Adoption in Rwanda (SHEAR) Project (led by my mentoring team), which I will leverage for this K43. I will create a monitoring network and evaluate indoor/outdoor relationships using eligible households within with SHEAR project. Simultaneous personal (children’s) and household level measurements of exposure to PM2.5 will take place over a 3-year period (reflecting repeated measures by season). Chemical speciation of collected PM2.5 will (organic and elemental carbon, metals, ions) will allow pollution exposures (at the community, household, personal level) to be apported to various indoor/outdoor sources (i.e., vehicle emissions, road dust, biomass smoke).This research study will result in the publication of three peer-reviewed papers and a policy focused- report to the Rwanda government. This work will enable me to work directly with Drs. John Volckens and Maggie Clark, Professors at Colorado State University (CSU) and Dr Theoneste Ntakirutimana, Professor at the University of Rwanda, recognized experts in air pollution, exposure science, epidemiology, public health. The trainings activities will include (1) Engineering / sensor development; (2) Data Science and statistics ;(3) Epidemiology and health effects; and (4) Health communication.