Global Perspectives on Gender Inequality, Parental Violence, and Child Development

项目总结/摘要 两性不平等使为暴力侵害妇女和儿童行为辩护的有害规范长期存在， 与家庭暴力的高发率有关。在世界范围内，父母的身体虐待是一种常见的家庭形式， 儿童以惊人的速度遭受暴力。父母参与身体虐待与以下因素有关： 消极的儿童后果，包括抑郁，焦虑和侵略，可能持续到成年。 在全球范围内，这些持续的心理健康和攻击性问题可能会带来高昂的经济成本， 社会服务体系和发展中经济体都是如此。尽管有大量的奖学金， 家庭层面的父母对子女的身体暴力的预测，重要的问题仍然是关于社会层面的 父母身体虐待的预测因素及其与幼儿发展的关系， 转型国家。先前文献中的另一个差距是缺乏研究， 在性别不平等与父母暴力侵害儿童之间的联系中， 考虑到女孩可能比男孩更容易受到性别不平等的影响。使用来自 57个低收入和中等收入国家（LMIC）的520，000个家庭，目前的项目旨在解决这些问题 通过审查国家一级性别不平等和暴力社会背景与性别平等的关系， 照顾者的身体虐待行为和儿童的社会情感发展。我们会委聘 使用父母对儿童的身体暴力、家庭社会经济 儿童基金会多指标类集的儿童社会-情感发展 联合国关于国家一级性别不平等和暴力社会背景的调查（多指标类集调查）和数据 联合国人类发展开发计划署和世界卫生组织 天文台具体目标是：1）检查性别不平等与父母子女的关系 LMIC中的身体虐待，以及儿童性别在这些协会中的调节作用，2）检查 LMICs中暴力社会规范和犯罪与父母身体虐待的关联，以及3）检查 从性别角度看父母身体虐待与儿童社会情感发展的关系 低收入和中等收入国家的不平等、暴力规范和犯罪，以及国家一级的身体虐待规范 缓和这些关联。拟议的研究将促进对宏观层面社会和 在国际背景下，使照顾者对儿童的身体暴力行为长期存在的经济指标。 研究结果将为跨文化项目和政策提供信息，以减少性别差异， 在地球仪范围内，父母的身体虐待，以促进儿童的社会情感发展。另外这些 研究将提供严格的研究参与机会，本科生和研究生 学生和加强研究环境在密歇根大学弗林特。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Gender inequality perpetuates harmful norms that justify violence against women and children and is associated with higher rates of family violence. Worldwide, parental physical abuse is a common form of family violence that children are exposed to at alarming rates. Parental engagement in physical abuse is linked to negative child outcomes including depression, anxiety, and aggression that may persist into adulthood. Globally, these continuing mental health and aggression problems may have high financial costs, with effects both on social service systems and developing economies. Despite the substantial scholarship on parent- and family-level predictors of parent-to-child physical violence, important questions remain about societal-level predictors of parental physical abuse and its associations with young children’s development in developing and transitional countries. A further gap in prior literature is the lack of studies that have examined the role of individual child gender in the associations between gender inequality and parental violence against children, considering that girls are likely to be more vulnerable to gender inequality than boys. Using data from over 520,000 families in 57 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the current project seeks to address these research gaps by examining the associations of country-level gender inequality and violent social contexts with caregivers’ use of physically abusive behavior and child social-emotional development. We will employ multilevel models using data on parental physical violence against children, family socio-economic characteristics, and children’s social-emotional development from the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and data on country-level gender inequality and violent social contexts from the United Nations Development Programme on Human Development and the World Health Organization Global Health Observatory. The specific aims are to 1) examine the associations of gender inequality with parental child physical abuse in LMICs, and the moderating role of child gender in these associations, 2) examine the associations of violent social norms and crimes with parental physical abuse in LMICs, and 3) examine the associations of parental physical abuse with child social-emotional development in the context of gender inequality and violent norms and crimes in LMICs, and whether country-level normativeness of physical abuse moderates these associations. The proposed studies will advance the understanding of macro-level social and economic indicators that perpetuate caregivers’ physical violence against children in international contexts. Study findings will inform cross-cultural programs and policies that reduce gender disparities and prevent parental physical abuse to promote child social-emotional development across the globe. In addition, these studies will provide rigorous research engagement opportunities to undergraduate students and graduate students and strengthen the research environment at the University of Michigan-Flint.