Cognitive and Affective Mechanisms Underlying an Olfactory Approach to Modify Cigarette Craving: A Neurobehavioral Investigation

吸烟是吸烟的一个关键特征，吸烟是可预防的主要死亡原因。而吸烟者 经常意识到这种危险，在受到诱惑的时候，吸烟的吸引力会上升，吸烟的习惯会持续下去。 不幸的是，研究一直在努力开发渴望解脱的治疗方法。一种显示出希望的方法 是战略性地使用嗅觉线索(OCS)来减少渴望。私家侦探实验室的两项研究表明 令人愉快的OCS可以减少吸烟的欲望。其他人也复制了这种对食物渴望的影响。然而，人们对此知之甚少 关于这种减少冲动的效果的性质，它的潜在机制，以及 适度调整其效益。本申请涉及FOA标准杆18-323：关于心智的基础科学研究 和身体方法，通过测试这种使用天然产品(OCS)来控制渴望和通过测试 “潜在的神经认知和行为机制”OC诱导的渴望缓解(FOA的目标)。 将理论和研究结合起来，来自三个很少应用于吸烟的学科(嗅觉，情绪， 认知)，该项目将测试愉快的OCS对渴望的影响。也与FOA有关，这个项目 将使用创新的非语言情感测量和高级多体素模式分析(MVPA)(沿 使用传统的fMRI分析)来评估精确的、理论驱动的潜在机制(工作记忆、 注意投入、延迟打折、反应抑制)OCS如何减轻渴望。该项目 将测试为什么某些吸烟者在控制烟瘾方面可能有困难，以及为什么OCS可能特别有用 对于一小部分吸烟者来说。戒烟的每日吸烟者和非每日吸烟者(n=250)将参加一项多疗程的实验。 他们将在几个维度上对一组OCS进行评分，包括愉悦感、情绪和相关记忆。他们 接下来，在功能磁共振成像过程中执行一系列认知任务。他们将在体内收到吸烟提示，这是 与戒烟一起，会引起强烈的冲动。接下来，他们将嗅探OC(早些时候他们曾将其评为 无论是愉快的还是中性的)，而冲动和情绪被评估。MVPA将用来产生“神经” 每个吸烟者的认知和情感过程的“指纹”，以探索其背后的机制 自己的OC诱导的冲动减少，并通知受试者与OCS的匹配。受试者还将参加一个 使用一组与渴望相关的新反应的行为会话，包括冲动压力测功器和 面部动作编码系统，以识别那些对紧急救援最敏感的人，并生成行为 功能磁共振活动模式的替代物。作为第二个目标，我们将测试有组织犯罪对冲动和吸烟的影响。 田野。这项翻译研究借鉴了fMRI和有关OCS独特能力的行为数据 改变情感状态，将测试与神经行为成瘾模型相关的冲动缓解的关键机制。这 跨学科的研究也应该刺激未来的研究，单独或与其他人一起测试OCS的影响 戒烟干预措施(如尼古丁贴片、认知疗法)。不管结果如何，这 研究将提供有关渴望过程中情绪和认知过程相互作用的重要数据。

Cigarette craving is a key feature of smoking, which is the leading preventable cause of death. While smokers often recognize this danger, during moments of temptation the appeal of smoking rises and the habit persists. Unfortunately, research has struggled to develop treatments for craving relief. One approach showing promise is the strategic use of olfactory cues (OCs) to reduce craving. Two studies from the PI’s lab indicate that pleasant OCs reduce cigarette craving. Others have replicated this effect for food craving. Yet little is known about the nature of this urge-reducing effect, its underlying mechanisms, and individual differences that moderate its benefit. This application addresses FOA PAR 18-323: Fundamental Science Research on Mind and Body Approaches by testing this use of a natural product (OCs) to control craving and by testing the “neurocognitive and behavioral mechanisms underlying” OC-induced craving relief (an FOA objective). Integrating theory and research derived from three disciplines rarely applied to smoking (olfaction, emotion, cognition), the project will test the impact of pleasant OCs on craving. Also pertinent to the FOA, this project will use innovative nonverbal measures of emotion and advanced multi-voxel pattern analyses (MVPA) (along with traditional fMRI analyses) to evaluate precise, theory-driven, underlying mechanisms (working memory, attentional engagement, delay discounting, response inhibition) for how OCs attenuate craving. The project will test why certain smokers may have trouble managing their craving and why OCs may be especially useful for a subset of smokers. Abstinent daily and nondaily smokers (n=250) will attend a multi-session experiment. They will rate a set of OCs on several dimensions, including pleasantness, mood, and related memories. They next perform a series of cognitive tasks during an fMRI session. They will receive in vivo smoking cues, which together with smoking abstinence, elicits robust urges. Next they will sniff an OC (one they had rated earlier as either pleasant or neutral) while urge and mood are assessed. MVPA will be used to generate “neural fingerprints” for cognitive and affective processes in each smoker to probe the mechanisms underlying their own OC-induced urge reduction, and to inform matching of subjects to OCs. Subjects also will attend a behavioral session using a novel set of craving-related responses, including an urge pressure dynamometer and the Facial Action Coding System, to identify those most sensitive to urge relief, and to generate behavioral proxies for patterns of fMRI activity. As a secondary aim, we will test the effects of OCs on urge and smoking in the field. This translational study, drawing on fMRI and behavioral data regarding the unique power of OCs to alter affective states, will test key mechanisms of urge relief related to neurobehavioral addiction models. This interdisciplinary research also should stimulate future research testing the impact of OCs, alone or with other interventions (e.g., nicotine patches, cognitive therapies) on smoking cessation. Regardless of outcome, this research will provide important data on the interaction of emotional and cognitive processes during craving.