Low-income mothers' and fathers' parenting practices and toddlers' self-regulation

项目摘要(最多30行) 在儿童早期阶段，儿童在自我调节方面表现出很大的进步(SR：例如， 坚持一项任务)，这使他们能够调节自己的思想、行为和情绪化 (McClelland等人，2010年)。高级文凭技能对以后的学业成就、智力和 身体健康(Robson等人，2020年)。研究人员很早就观察到了个体差异 AS 4(Kochanska&Knaack，2003)。作为一个群体，来自低收入家庭的儿童处于 表现出不良SR的更大风险(Wanless等人，2011年)。然而，这些孩子中的许多人表现得像 以及他们更富有的同龄人在SR测试中(Raikes等人，2007年)。这种可变性的一个来源是 照顾者的育儿行为，包括育儿质量(敏感性、侵入性和 二元交互)和育儿实践(遵从性)，预测SR(Bronfenbrenner&Morris， 2006)。高度敏感的父母，使用温和的控制(例如，推理)并帮助他们的孩子 调节自己的情绪比父母更强的SR技能，使用更多的权力- 固执己见的遵守(例如，威胁要惩罚)，无助于他们的孩子管教 他们的情绪(Kopystinska等人，2016)。然而，除了极少数例外，这些研究已经 主要以白人中产阶级母亲为基础。人们对育儿方式知之甚少 低收入少数民族父母的行为，特别是父亲，以及他们是如何 纵向上与SR相关。为了解决这些差距，该提案检查了 低收入少数民族父母养育行为水平及变化研究 (育儿和育儿实践的质量)从9个月到30个月；(2)人口统计和 父母养育行为改变的心理预测因素和治疗效果； 9-30岁父母父母教养方式变化的相关性研究 24个月和30个月的儿童SR，控制人口统计因素。分析性的 样本包括低收入少数民族父母(N=281)，参与婴儿读物2 该项目是NICHD资助的一项针对第一次有婴儿的父母的育儿干预的RCT。 家长互动和育儿实践的水平和质量变化将是 在孩子9个月和18个月时的半结构化任务中进行评估。学步儿童SR 将在24个月和30个月时对零食延迟任务的表现和策略进行评估。这 研究将为代表性不足群体的发展规范模式提供信息 干预计划可以针对的支持低收入少数民族的机制 儿童的SR，这有助于缩小入学时与成绩相关的差距。

Project Summary (30 lines max) Across early childhood, children show great improvements in their self-regulation (SR: e.g., persisting on a task), which enables them to regulate their thoughts, behaviors, and emotionsm (McClelland et al., 2010). SR skills are critical for later academic achievement, mental and physical health (Robson et al., 2020). Researchers have observed individual differences as early as 4 (Kochanska & Knaack, 2003). As a group, children from low-income backgrounds are at greater risk for exhibiting poor SR (Wanless et al., 2011). Yet, many of these children perform as well as their wealthier peers on tests of SR (Raikes et al., 2007). One source of this variability is caregivers’ parenting behaviors, including the quality of parenting (sensitivity, intrusiveness and dyadic interaction) and parenting practices (compliance), predict SR (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006). Highly sensitive parents who use gentle control (e.g., reasoning) and help their children regulate their emotions have stronger SR skills than parents who are intrusive, use more power- assertive compliance (e.g., threatening punishment), and do not help their children regulate their emotions (Kopystynska et al., 2016). However, with few exceptions, these studies have been primarily based on White middle-class mothers. Less is known about the parenting behaviors of low-income ethnic minority parents, particularly fathers, and how they are longitudinally related to SR. To address these gaps, this proposal examines the heterogeneity in low-income ethnic minority mothers’ and fathers’ levels and changes in parenting behaviors (quality of parenting and parenting practices) from 9 thru 30 months; (2) demographic and psychological predictors as well as treatment effects of changes in parenting behaviors; and (3) the associations between mothers’ and fathers’ change in parenting behaviors from 9 thru 30 months and toddlers’ SR at 24 and 30 months, controlling for demographic factors. The analytic sample consists low-income ethnic minority parents (N = 281) participating in the Baby Books 2 Project, a NICHD-funded RCT of a parenting intervention for first-time parents with infants. The levels and change in the quality of parent interactions and parenting practices will be assessed during a semi-structured task when children are 9 and 18 months. Toddlers’ SR performance and strategies during a snack-delay task will be assessed at 24 and 30 months. This research will inform normative patterns of development in underrepresented groups and mechanisms that intervention programs can target to support low-income ethnic minority children’s SR, which can help to narrow achievement-related gaps at school entry.