PRIVILEGED INFORMATION IN LINGUISTIC COMMUNICATION

语言交流中的特权信息

• 批准号: 2460344
• 负责人: BOAZ KEYSAR
• 金额: $ 6.75万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1994
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1994-08-01 至 1999-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/2460344
• 关键词: attitude; behavioral /social science research tag; bias; cognition; communication behavior; cues; human subject; informatics; perception; psycholinguistics

Linguistic communication requires the constant assessment of others' understanding: Speakers evaluate their listeners' understanding in order to facilitate communication, and third parties (i.e., overhearers, readers) attempt to take the perspective of listeners (and protagonists) in order to make sense of a conversation. This research focuses on the constraints that the cognitive system imposes on such perspective taking by contrasting two alternative models. The studies investigate the notion that speakers and third parties cannot discount their own privileged information when they assess the understanding of addressees even when they are fully aware that the particular information is unknown to the addressees. Because privileged information makes utterances seem less ambiguous than they really are, speakers tend to think that their intent is clearly conveyed. Consequently, they may not provide sufficient cues to disambiguate their utterances., This project proposes that this "illusory transparency" may sometimes be a systematic reason for, misunderstanding. These studies utilize a variety of experimental methods and paradigms: subjective scale ratings, categorical decisions, reaction time, cognitive load, syntactic priming, sentence production and the referential- communication task. In addition to theoretical contributions, this research promises to be of practical importance. For example, we may be able to better understand miscommunication in health-care settings: health-care providers attempting to inform, advice or instruct clients; communication between patients and therapists in counselling sessions and so on. One reason for miscommunication may be the discrepancy between the knowledge that clients and health-care providers possess. These studies suggest an additional, simpler reason for such miscommunication: Like other speakers, health care providers and recipients may overestimate the effectiveness of their communicative act by systematically taking their intentions as more transparent than warranted. By contributing to the understanding of the roots of misunderstanding, this research promises to facilitate the development of methods to improve communication.

语言交流需要不断评估他人的语言能力 理解：演讲者评估他们的听众的理解， 为了便于通信，以及第三方（即，偷听者， 读者）试图从听众（和主角）的角度出发 才能让谈话有意义这项研究的重点是 认知系统对这种观点采择的约束 通过对比两种不同的模式。这些研究调查了 发言人和第三方不能贬低他们自己的特权， 当他们评估收件人的理解时，即使 他们完全知道，特定信息是未知的， 收件人。因为特权信息让话语看起来 比实际情况更模糊，说话者倾向于认为他们的意图 是明确传达的。因此，他们可能无法提供足够的线索， 消除他们话语的歧义。该项目提出，这种“虚幻的 透明度”有时可能是误解的一个系统性原因。 这些研究利用了各种实验方法和范式： 主观量表评分，分类决策，反应时，认知 负载、句法启动、句子产生和指称- 通信任务。 除了理论贡献，这项研究有望成为 实际重要性。例如，我们可以更好地理解 保健环境中的沟通不畅：保健提供者试图 告知、建议或指导客户;患者之间的沟通， 治疗师在咨询会议等。一个原因， 错误的沟通可能是客户的知识之间的差异， 和卫生保健提供者拥有的。这些研究表明， 这种误解的一个简单原因是：像其他发言者一样，医疗保健 提供者和接受者可能高估了他们的有效性， 通过系统地把他们的意图作为更多的沟通行为， 透明，而不是保证。通过促进对 误解的根源，这项研究有望促进 制定改善沟通的方法。