The role of cortical and subcortical β-bursts in the cognitive control of human movement

摘要 β频段（15- 29 Hz）的活动是在神经记录中发现的一个非常突出的特征， 物种、记录技术和空间尺度。β-活性的变化在运动过程中特别突出， 流程.在锥体运动系统的皮质区可以观察到运动相关的β活动，如 以及锥体外系运动系统的皮层下区域。病理性β活性是 运动障碍，最突出的是帕金森病（PD）。事实上，β-活性被用作 PD疾病进展的神经生理学标志物，并作为新开发的尖端 治疗方法，如闭环自适应神经刺激。 然而，最近在非人类动物中的研究对这一性质产生了根本性的怀疑。 神经信号及其与行为的关系过去对β-活性的研究主要集中在 信号功率跨时间（或跨任务的试验），如神经生理学研究中的典型。什么最近 然而，研究表明，非平均β带活动的特征不是稳定的类型， 在平均值中发现的活动的同步（去同步）。相反，β的特征在于短的、瞬态的、 突发性“事件”。然而，这种信号的突发性质在平均值中丢失了，并且沿着， 这些β爆发事件的动力学和运动控制之间可以发现系统的关系， 个别审判。因此，迫切需要研究爆发样β事件如何与正常 和病态的运动控制 我们在这里提出了一个详细的，系统的调查这种关系。在一项广泛的试点调查中，我们 已经发现，人类运动的启动和运动的取消都伴随着高度特异性的 以及非侵入性记录的β爆发的系统模式。这表明了一个总体假设，即β- 爆发是表示运动系统中的抑制过程的通用特征。这项资助的工作 一项提案旨在通过将β爆发的特定模式与已建立的 运动抑制的理论模型在人脑中，通过研究运动相关的β- 在构成人类运动系统的皮层和皮层下区域的爆发，并通过提供因果关系， 证据表明β爆发在整个运动系统中传递抑制性运动控制命令的作用。

Abstract Activity in the β-frequency band (15-29Hz) is a highly prominent feature of neural recordings found across species, recording techniques, and spatial scales. Changes in β-activity are particularly prominent during motor processes. Movement-related β-activity can be observed in the cortical areas of the pyramidal motor system, as well as in the subcortical areas of the extrapyramidal motor system. Pathological β-activity is a hallmark of movement disorders, most prominently of Parkinson's Disease (PD). Indeed, β-activity is used both as a neurophysiological marker of disease progression in PD and as a target in newly developed, cutting-edge treatment methods such as closed-loop adaptive neurostimulation. However, recent studies in non-human animals have cast a fundamental layer of doubt on the nature of this neural signal and its relationship to behavior. Past studies of β-activity have focused on averaged changes of signal-power across time (or across trials of a task), as is typical in neurophysiological studies. What recent studies have shown, however, is that unaveraged β-band activity is not characterized by the type of steady (de)synchronizations of activity that are found in the average. Instead, β is characterized by short, transient, burst-like `events'. The burst-like nature of this signal, however, is lost in the average – and along with it, the systematic relationships that can be found between dynamics of these β-burst events and motor control on individual trials. Therefore, there is a critical need to investigate how burst-like β-events relate to both normal and pathological motor control in humans. We here propose a detailed, systematic investigation of this relationship. In an extensive pilot investigation, we have found that both human movement initiation and movement cancellation are accompanied by highly specific and systematic patterns of non-invasively recorded β-bursts. This suggests the overarching hypothesis that β- bursts are a universal signature that signify inhibitory processes in the motor system. The work in this grant proposal aims to systematically test this guiding hypothesis by linking specific patterns of β-bursts to established theoretical models of motor inhibition in the human brain, by investigating the origins of movement-related β- bursts in both cortical and subcortical regions that constitute the human motor system, and by providing causal evidence for the role of β-bursts in conveying inhibitory motor control commands across the motor system.