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Cancer Risk and Environmental Exposures to Nitrate, Pesticides, and IndustrialCh

癌症风险和环境暴露于硝酸盐、农药和工业化学品

基本信息

批准号：
7733720
负责人：
MARY H WARD
金额：
$ 151.56万
依托单位：
DIVISION OF CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
至
项目状态：
未结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7733720
关键词：
Address Affect Agriculture Agrochemicals Area Aromatic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Ascorbic Acid Back Bladder Body of uterus Brain Breast California Carpet Case-Control Studies Categories Censuses Chemicals Childhood Childhood Leukemia Chlordan Colon Colon, Rectum Colorado Confidence Intervals Country Data Databases Development Dietary Nitrite Dioxins Disease Dust Educational Status Elevation Environment Environmental Exposure Equipment and supply inventories Esophagus Exposure to Feasibility Studies General Population Genes Genetic Polymorphism Genus Cola Geographic Information Systems Glioma Glycine max Hazardous Waste Sites Herbicides Home environment House Dust Imagery Immune Individual Industry Insecta Insecticides Intake Interview Investigation Iowa Isoptera Kidney Life Link Livestock Location Lung Maize Malignant Neoplasms Malignant neoplasm of brain Malignant neoplasm of kidney Malignant neoplasm of pancreas Malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder Maps Marketing Measurement Measures Meat Metals Methods Metric Modeling Monitor Nebraska Nervous System Part Nitrates Nitrosation Non-Hodgkin&apos s Lymphoma Nonrespondent Numbers Odds Ratio Pancreas Participant Personal Satisfaction Pesticides Pleura Polychlorinated Biphenyls Population Population Study Positioning Attribute Probability Publishing Purpose Race Records Renal carcinoma Reporting Research Respondent Risk Risk Estimate Risk Factors Rivers Rural Rural Population Sampling Soil Soybeans Stomach Subgroup System Time Trachea and Bronchus United States Environmental Protection Agency Universities Vacuum Water Water Supply Work Zea mays base cancer risk case control chemical release drinking water improved in vivo inhibitor/antagonist land cover meter nitrate novel strategies organochlorine pesticide pesticide exposure public drinking rectal remote sensing residence sex toe corn trend urban area

项目摘要

Risk factors for cancer from agricultural chemicals in the ambient environment are studied to estimate the contribution of these environmental exposures to cancer in the rural population. Rural populations in agricultural areas have exposures to pesticides and nitrates in drinking water that are intermediate between occupationally-exposed groups and the general population. Case-control studies have been conducted on non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and cancers of the brain, bladder, colon, rectum, stomach, esophagus, pancreas, and kidney. Databases of water contaminants, gathered for routine monitoring purposes, are being used to estimate past exposures via public water supplies to individuals in these case-control studies. Nitrate levels in public water supplies in Iowa were not associated with risk of bladder and pancreas cancer. However, higher intakes of dietary nitrite were associated with an increased risk of pancreas cancer. Overall, drinking water nitrate levels were not associated with risk of colon, rectal, and kidney cancer; however, specific subgroups with increased nitrosation ability were at increased risk of colon and kidney cancer. Elevated nitrate in public water supplies in Nebraska was not associated with risk of glioma. Elevated nitrate levels in public drinking water supplies were associated with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Nebraska. This hypothesis was investigated in a recently completed case-control investigation of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. We found no overall association with the highest quartile of average drinking water nitrate (more than 2.90 mg/L nitrate-N: OR=1.2, 95% CI 0.6-2.2) or with years more than 5mg/L (10+ years: OR=1.4, 95% CI 0.7-2.9). We saw no evidence of an interaction between drinking water nitrate exposure and either vitamin C intake or red meat intake, an inhibitor and precursor, respectively, of in vivo NOC formation. The issue of nitrate as a cancer risk factor is being pursued further in an ecologic study of census-block groups in the Platte River Valley of Nebraska and Colorado, where elevated nitrate levels are among the highest in the country. Nitrate levels in private wells are being estimated using data on land cover, livestock feedlot locations, soil type, and other information. We are also developing new approaches, and improving existing methods, of exposure assessment in studies of general environmental exposures, with a primary focus on pesticides and nitrate. Geographic information systems (GIS) are being utilized for developing new approaches to estimating indirect exposure to pesticides and for estimating exposure to nitrate in private wells. Remote sensing data (satellite imagery) and historical records were used to estimate the population in Nebraska and Iowa potentially exposed to agricultural pesticides through the proximity of their homes to agricultural land treated with pesticides. First, a feasibility study in Nebraska demonstrated that using available data and a GIS accurate historical crop maps could be produced and that these could be linked to pesticide use data to estimate probabilities of indirect exposure to agricultural pesticides. A similar approach was used for Iowa participants of the case control study of NHL. It was determined that 58% of the study population lived within 500 meters of corn or soybeans fields. To validate this method, we compared agricultural pesticides measured in house dust samples to the proximity of homes from crop fields and found a significantly elevated herbicide concentrations in homes within 750 meters of corn or soybean fields. Further work in this area by our collaborators included the development of a method to automate crop mapping from satellite imagery. We are continuing to refine the GIS-based approach to estimating agricultural pesticide exposure by incorporating information from a pesticide primary drift model and factors affecting secondary drift. To improve exposure assessment for home and garden pesticides we developed and published a "pesticide-exposure matrix" that lists the active ingredients that were on the market to treat specific type of home and garden pests back through time. With collaborators in California, we are measuring levels of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals in house dust samples from an ongoing case-control study of childhood leukemia in Northern California and the Central Valley. We compared concentrations of pesticides and other chemicals in dust samples collected by two methods, a specialized vacuum (the HVS3) and participant's own vacuum bag. Correlations were high (more than 0.80) for most analytes. With collaborators at Colorado State University, we are refining metrics to evalute agricultural pesticide use near residences, using information about the current and historical location of crops near residences. A comparison of a metric based solely on California's pesticide use reporting (PUR) database with a metric that incorporates information on the location of crops grown indicates that the PUR metric classifies a substantially greater number of homes as "exposed" compared with a crop-based metric. In the population-based case-control study of NHL in four centers, risk associated with exposure to home and garden insecticides was determined using two exposure measures: interview-derived information on insecticide use in current and previous residences (1321 cases, 1057 controls), and insecticide concentrations in carpet dust (682 cases, 513 controls). People whose homes were treated for termites had elevated NHL risk (odds ratio=1.3, 95% confidence interval=1.004-1.6). Risk was modestly elevated in all but one study center and in all sexes and races. The elevation in risk was restricted to people whose homes were treated before the 1988 ban on the termiticide chlordane. There was a significant trend of increasing risk with increasing levels of chlordane residues in dust (P trend=0.045) and a marginally significant trend for gamma-chlordane (P trend=0.06). We found no evidence of associations for insects overall, for specific types of insects other than termites, or for elevated residues of other insecticides. We concluded that chlordane treatment of homes for termites may increase NHL risk. We are analyzing whether polymorphisms in immune genes affect NHL risk from exposure to organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and dioxins. Using a GIS, residential proximity to specific industries, hazardous waste sites, and specific chemical releases as reported by the Environmental Protection Agency's Toxic Release Inventory will be evaluated in an ongoing case control study of bladder cancer in New England.and in the multi-center case-control study of NHL. We evaluated the accuracy of geocoding methods for determining residential location in rural and urban areas by comparing geocoded addresses to global positioning system measurements. We also evaluated census factors and spatial clustering of respondents and nonrespondents in the NHL case-control. Spatial clustering could be explained by demographic differences between responders and nonresponders. Estimated bias in the association between educational level and NHL risk was small.

研究了环境中农业化学品致癌的危险因素，以估计这些环境暴露对农村人口癌症的贡献。农业地区的农村人口在饮用水中接触杀虫剂和硝酸盐的程度介于职业接触群体和一般人口之间。对非霍奇金淋巴瘤和脑癌、膀胱癌、结肠癌、直肠癌、胃癌、食道癌、胰腺癌和肾癌进行了病例对照研究。在这些病例对照研究中，为例行监测目的收集的水污染物数据库被用来估计过去通过公共供水对个人的接触。爱荷华州公共供水中的硝酸盐水平与膀胱癌和胰腺癌的风险无关。然而，较高的饮食亚硝酸盐摄入量与胰腺癌的风险增加有关。总的来说，饮用水中的硝酸盐含量与结肠癌、直肠癌和肾癌的风险无关；然而，亚硝化能力增加的特定亚组患结肠癌和肾癌的风险增加。内布拉斯加州公共供水中硝酸盐含量升高与患神经胶质瘤的风险无关。内布拉斯加州公共饮用水中硝酸盐含量升高与非霍奇金淋巴瘤风险增加有关。这一假设在最近完成的非霍奇金淋巴瘤病例对照调查中得到了证实。我们发现，与平均饮用水硝酸盐最高四分位数（超过2.90 mg/L硝酸盐- n: OR=1.2, 95% CI 0.6-2.2）或超过5mg/L（10年以上：OR=1.4, 95% CI 0.7-2.9）没有总体关联。我们没有看到饮用水硝酸盐暴露与维生素C摄入量或红肉摄入量之间相互作用的证据，维生素C和红肉分别是体内NOC形成的抑制剂和前体。在对内布拉斯加州和科罗拉多州普拉特河谷的人口普查群体进行的生态学研究中，硝酸盐作为癌症风险因素的问题正在得到进一步的探讨，那里的硝酸盐水平是全国最高的。利用土地覆盖、牲畜饲养场位置、土壤类型和其他信息来估计私人水井中的硝酸盐水平。我们还在开发新的方法，并改进现有的方法，在一般环境暴露研究中进行暴露评估，主要侧重于农药和硝酸盐。目前正在利用地理信息系统开发新的方法来估计农药的间接接触和估计私人水井中硝酸盐的接触。利用遥感数据（卫星图像）和历史记录来估计内布拉斯加州和爱荷华州的人口，因为他们的家靠近农药处理过的农田，可能暴露于农业农药。首先，内布拉斯加州的一项可行性研究表明，可以利用现有数据和地理信息系统制作准确的历史作物地图，并将这些数据与农药使用数据联系起来，以估计间接接触农业农药的可能性。对爱荷华州NHL病例对照研究的参与者采用了类似的方法。据确定，58%的研究人口居住在玉米或大豆田500米范围内。为了验证这一方法，我们将房屋灰尘样本中测量的农业农药与农田附近的房屋进行了比较，发现在玉米或大豆田750米范围内的房屋中除草剂浓度显著升高。我们的合作者在这一领域的进一步工作包括开发一种从卫星图像自动绘制作物地图的方法。我们正在继续完善基于地理信息系统的方法，通过纳入来自农药初级漂移模型的信息和影响二次漂移的因素来估计农业农药暴露。为了改善家庭和花园杀虫剂的暴露评估，我们开发并发布了“农药暴露矩阵”，列出了市场上用于治疗特定类型家庭和花园害虫的活性成分。我们与加州的合作者一道，正在对北加州和中央谷地正在进行的儿童白血病病例对照研究中房屋灰尘样本中的农药、多氯联苯、多环芳烃和金属进行测量。我们比较了两种方法收集的粉尘样本中的农药和其他化学物质的浓度，一种是专用真空（HVS3），另一种是参与者自己的真空袋。大多数分析物的相关性很高（超过0.80）。与科罗拉多州立大学的合作者一起，我们正在改进指标，以评估住宅附近的农业农药使用情况，使用有关住宅附近作物当前和历史位置的信息。将仅基于加州农药使用报告（PUR）数据库的指标与包含作物种植位置信息的指标进行比较表明，与基于作物的指标相比，PUR指标将更多的家庭分类为“暴露”。在四个中心基于人群的NHL病例对照研究中，使用两种暴露措施确定与家庭和花园杀虫剂暴露相关的风险：目前和以前住所杀虫剂使用的访谈信息（1321例，1057例对照），以及地毯粉尘中的杀虫剂浓度（682例，513例对照）。家中进行白蚁治疗的人患NHL的风险较高（优势比=1.3,95%置信区间=1.004-1.6）。除了一个研究中心外，所有研究中心、所有性别和种族的风险都适度升高。风险的增加仅限于那些在1988年禁止使用杀白剂氯丹之前接受过治疗的人。随着粉尘中氯丹残留量的增加，风险呈显著增加趋势（P趋势=0.045），γ -氯丹残留量呈微显著增加趋势（P趋势=0.06）。我们没有发现与昆虫整体、除白蚁以外的特定类型昆虫或其他杀虫剂残留升高有关的证据。我们的结论是，氯丹处理白蚁可能会增加NHL的风险。我们正在分析免疫基因的多态性是否会影响暴露于有机氯农药、多氯联苯和二恶英的NHL风险。使用地理信息系统，根据环境保护署有毒物质释放清单的报告，将在新英格兰进行的膀胱癌病例对照研究中评估特定工业、危险废物场所和特定化学物质释放的住宅附近。以及非霍奇金淋巴瘤的多中心病例对照研究。我们通过比较地理编码地址与全球定位系统测量值，评估了地理编码方法在确定农村和城市地区住宅位置方面的准确性。我们还评估了NHL病例对照中调查对象和非调查对象的人口普查因素和空间聚类。空间聚类可以用响应者和非响应者之间的人口统计学差异来解释。教育水平与NHL风险之间的关联偏差估计较小。