Monocular Distance Perception for Reaching and Grasping

描述（由申请人提供）：我们提出了一种感知/动作方法来校准目标动作，如伸手或投掷。校准将感知信息的单位映射到动作的单位。这种映射会受到姿势变化、生长、衰老、疲劳、特定缺陷（例如DCD）、镜片、低视力辅助器和假肢的干扰。从这项研究中获得的知识对于患有DCD的老年人或儿童的有效治疗或学习使用视觉辅助工具和假肢至关重要。我们将研究校准通过操纵两个单位的视觉信息的距离使用一个望远镜和一个潜望镜。一个单位是用于聚散度的双眼瞳孔间距离，另一个单位是用于垂直注视角的单眼眼高。每个信息单元将被校准和扰动15%。将测试两个不同的动作以研究校准的动作特异性：投掷和伸手。我们将研究五个问题。首先，校准什么？我们假设距离函数的斜率是校准的，因为信息单位是校准的。第二，如何将不同的视觉单元组合起来，以产生一个可以校准到行动的单一单元？与线索组合的加权平均理论相反，我们假设时间稳定的单位用于校准不稳定的单位。第三，不同的行动是否有不同的校准？我们假设校准是特定于动作的，并且不会在动作之间转移，因为单位不同。第四，肢体特定校准如何与动作特定校准相互作用？我们假设，肢体和动作的具体校准相关的层次和加法。第五，我们假设，长期校准是特定的行动和最大限度地稳定的信息单元在实践中校准。最后，我们建议调查校准是否是一个潜在的解决方案，以已知的赤字和笨拙所遭受的老年人和儿童的DCD在执行行动，如达到。来自目标动作（如伸手）的反馈用于校准这些动作，以便它们能够准确。我们建议调查校准是否是一个潜在的解决方案，以已知的赤字和笨拙所遭受的老人和儿童发展协调障碍，或是否事实上的赤字是一个无法校准。从这项研究中获得的知识对于为患有DCD的老年人或儿童制定有效的物理治疗或学习使用视觉辅助设备和假肢至关重要。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): We propose a perception/action approach to calibration of targeted actions like reaching or throwing. Calibration maps units of perceptual information to units of action. This mapping is perturbed by postural change, growth, aging, fatigue, specific deficits (e.g. DCD), lenses, low vision aids and prosthetics. The knowledge to be gained from this research is essential for effective therapies for the elderly or children with DCD, or for learning to use visual aids and prosthetic limbs. We will investigate calibration by manipulating two units of visual information about distance using a telestereoscope and a periscope. One unit is binocular inter-pupillary distance for vergence and the other is monocular eye height for vertical gaze angle. Each information unit will be calibrated and perturbed by 15%. Two different actions will be tested to investigate action specificity of calibration: throwing and reaching. We will investigate five questions. First, what is calibrated? We hypothesize that the slope of a distance function is calibrated because information units are calibrated. Second, how are different visual units combined to yield a single unit that can be calibrated to action? In contrast to weighted averaging theories of cue combination, we hypothesize that temporally stable units are used to calibrate unstable units. Third, is calibration different for different actions? We hypothesize that calibration is specific to actions and does not transfer between actions because the units are different. Fourth, how does limb specific calibration interact with action specific calibration? We hypothesize that limb and action specific calibration relate hierarchically and additively. Fifth, we hypothesize that long-term calibrations are specific to actions and to maximally stable information units calibrated during practice. Finally, we proposed to investigate whether calibration is a potential solution to known deficits and clumsiness suffered by the elderly and children with DCD in performing actions like reaching. Feedback from targeted actions like reaching is used to calibrate those actions so that they can be accurate. We propose to investigate whether calibration is a potential solution to known deficits and clumsiness suffered by the elderly and children with Development Coordination Disorder or whether in fact the deficits are an inability to calibrate. The knowledge to be gained from this research is essential for formulating effective physical therapies for the elderly or children with DCD, or for learning to use visual aids and prosthetic limbs.