Monocular Distance Perception for Reaching and Grasping

描述（由申请人提供）：我们提出一种感知/行动方法来校准目标动作，如伸手或投掷。校准将感知信息单元映射到动作单元。姿势变化、生长、衰老、疲劳、特异性缺陷（如DCD）、镜片、低视力辅助设备和假肢会干扰这种定位。从这项研究中获得的知识对于老年或患有DCD的儿童的有效治疗，或学习使用视觉辅助工具和假肢至关重要。我们将通过使用望远镜和潜望镜操纵关于距离的两个视觉信息单位来研究校准。一个单位是双眼瞳孔间距离，另一个单位是单眼高度，用于垂直凝视角。每个信息单元将被校准并扰动15%。将测试两种不同的动作来研究校准的动作特异性：投掷和到达。我们将调查五个问题。首先，什么是校准的？我们假设距离函数的斜率是校准的，因为信息单位是校准的。其次，不同的视觉单元是如何组合成一个可以校准行动的单一单元的？与线索组合的加权平均理论相反，我们假设使用暂时稳定的单位来校准不稳定的单位。第三，不同动作的校准是否不同？我们假设校准是特定于动作的，并且不会在动作之间传递，因为单位不同。第四，肢体特定校准与动作特定校准是如何相互作用的？我们假设肢体标定和动作标定具有层次和加性关系。第五，我们假设长期校准是特定于行动的，并且在实践中校准的信息单元最大限度地稳定。最后，我们建议研究校准是否是一种潜在的解决方案，以解决患有DCD的老人和儿童在执行诸如伸手等动作时所遭受的已知缺陷和笨拙。来自目标行动（如到达）的反馈用于校准这些行动，以便它们能够准确。我们建议研究校准是否是一种潜在的解决方案，以解决患有发育协调障碍的老年人和儿童所遭受的已知缺陷和笨拙，或者实际上这些缺陷是否是无法校准的。从这项研究中获得的知识对于为患有DCD的老人或儿童制定有效的物理疗法，或学习使用视觉辅助工具和假肢至关重要。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): We propose a perception/action approach to calibration of targeted actions like reaching or throwing. Calibration maps units of perceptual information to units of action. This mapping is perturbed by postural change, growth, aging, fatigue, specific deficits (e.g. DCD), lenses, low vision aids and prosthetics. The knowledge to be gained from this research is essential for effective therapies for the elderly or children with DCD, or for learning to use visual aids and prosthetic limbs. We will investigate calibration by manipulating two units of visual information about distance using a telestereoscope and a periscope. One unit is binocular inter-pupillary distance for vergence and the other is monocular eye height for vertical gaze angle. Each information unit will be calibrated and perturbed by 15%. Two different actions will be tested to investigate action specificity of calibration: throwing and reaching. We will investigate five questions. First, what is calibrated? We hypothesize that the slope of a distance function is calibrated because information units are calibrated. Second, how are different visual units combined to yield a single unit that can be calibrated to action? In contrast to weighted averaging theories of cue combination, we hypothesize that temporally stable units are used to calibrate unstable units. Third, is calibration different for different actions? We hypothesize that calibration is specific to actions and does not transfer between actions because the units are different. Fourth, how does limb specific calibration interact with action specific calibration? We hypothesize that limb and action specific calibration relate hierarchically and additively. Fifth, we hypothesize that long-term calibrations are specific to actions and to maximally stable information units calibrated during practice. Finally, we proposed to investigate whether calibration is a potential solution to known deficits and clumsiness suffered by the elderly and children with DCD in performing actions like reaching. Feedback from targeted actions like reaching is used to calibrate those actions so that they can be accurate. We propose to investigate whether calibration is a potential solution to known deficits and clumsiness suffered by the elderly and children with Development Coordination Disorder or whether in fact the deficits are an inability to calibrate. The knowledge to be gained from this research is essential for formulating effective physical therapies for the elderly or children with DCD, or for learning to use visual aids and prosthetic limbs.