Water, protons, and ions biomolecular systems

水、质子和离子生物分子系统

• 批准号: 7734025
• 负责人: Gerhard Hummer
• 金额: $ 28.7万
• 依托单位: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7734025
• 关键词: Active Sites; Aerobic; Affect; Austria; Back; Bacteria; Bathing; Behavior; Binding; Biological; Biological Process; Cells; Charge; Collaborations; Condition; Crowding; Devices; Diffusion; Dimensions; Electrons; Elements; Ensure; Environment; Enzymes; Equilibrium; Exhibits; Extravasation; Finland; Glutamic Acid; Goals; Hydrogen Bonding; Institutes; Investigation; Ions; Length; Life; Liquid substance; Maine; Mediating; Mediation; Mediator of activation protein; Membrane; Mitochondria; Modeling; Molecular; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; Organelles; Oxygen; Pathway interactions; Physiological; Play; Positioning Attribute; Process; Production; Property; Proteins; Proton Pump; Protons; Pump; Range; Reaction; Respiratory Chain; Role; Solvents; System; Texas; Time; Transport Process; Tube; United States National Institutes of Health; Universities; Water; austin; base; cytochrome c oxidase; density; design; expectation; molecular dynamics; nanochannel; nanofluidic; novel; preconditioning; prevent; protein folding; protonation; simulation; theories; water channel; water flow

Water plays a central role in the stability, dynamics, and function of biomolecules. Through the hydrophobic effect and hydrogen bond interactions, water is a major factor in the folding of proteins. In many enzymes, it participates directly in the catalytic function. In particular, water in the protein interior often mediates the transfer of protons between the solvent medium and the active site. Such water, often confined into relatively nonpolar pores and cavities of nanoscopic dimensions, exhibits highly unusual properties, such as high water mobility, high proton conductivity, or sharp transitions between filled and empty states. Proteins exploit these unusual properties of confined water in their biological function, e.g., to ensure rapid water flow in aquaporins, or to gate proton flow in proton pumps and enzymes. 1D water wires: In collaboration with Drs. Dellago and Kofinger from the University of Vienna, Austria, we performed studies of one-dimensional water wires. Such wires are important elements of biological water channels and proton conduction wires in proteins. We showed that a dipole lattice model accurately recovers key properties of 1D confined water when compared to atomically detailed simulations. In a major reduction in computational complexity, we represented the dipole model in terms of effective Coulombic charges, which allowed us to study pores of macroscopic lengths in equilibrium with a water bath. At ambient conditions, the water chains filling the tube are essentially continuous up to macroscopic dimensions. In the filled state, the chains of water molecules in the tube remain dipole-ordered up to macroscopic lengths of 0.1 mm, and the dipolar order is estimated to persist for times up to 0.1 s. The observed dipolar order in continuous water chains is a precondition for the use of nanoconfined 1D water as mediator of fast long-range proton transport in proteins and fuel cells. Water in nanoconfinement: In collaboration with Prof. Garde (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute) and Prof. Rasaiah (University of Maine), we have explored the highly unusual properties of water molecules confined to nonpolar pores and cavities of nanoscopic dimensions. Water filling of these molecularly tight spaces is strongly cooperative, resulting in the possible coexistence of filled and empty states and sensitivity to tiny perturbations of the pore polarity and solvent conditions. Confined water molecules form tightly hydrogen-bonded wires or clusters. Weak attractions to the confining wall and strong interactions between water molecules permit exceptionally rapid water flow, exceeding expectations from macroscopic hydrodynamics by several orders of magnitude. The proton mobility along 1D water wires also substantially exceeds that in the bulk. Proteins appear to exploit these unusual properties of confined water in their biological function (e.g., to ensure rapid water flow in aquaporins or to gate proton flow in proton pumps and enzymes). The unusual properties of water in nonpolar confinement are also relevant to the design of novel nanofluidic and molecular separation devices or fuel cells. Function of cytochrome c oxidase. Aerobic life is based on a molecular machinery that utilizes oxygen as a terminal electron sink. The membrane-bound cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water in mitochondria and many bacteria. The energy released in this reaction is conserved by pumping protons across the mitochondrial or bacterial membrane, creating an electrochemical proton gradient that drives production of ATP. In collaboration with Drs. Kaila and Wikstrom (University of Helsinki, Finland) we explored by molecular dynamics simulations how the protons pumped by CcO are prevented from flowing backwards during the process. We found that a conserved glutamic acid 242 near the active site of CcO undergoes a protonation state-dependent conformational change, which provides a valve in the pumping mechanism. The valve ensures that at any point in time, the proton pathway across the membrane is effectively discontinuous, thereby preventing thermodynamically favorable proton back-leakage while maintaining an overall high efficiency of proton translocation. Suppression of proton leakage is particularly important in mitochondria under physiological conditions, where production of ATP takes place in the presence of a high electrochemical proton gradient. Molecular transport in nanochannels: The cell provides a highly crowded environment. This crowding strongly affects the diffusive dynamics of biomolecules. However, we are still lacking a theory of diffusion in crowded environments. In collaboration with Dr. Mittal (NIDDK, NIH) and Dr. Truskett (University of Texas at Austin), we studied the diffusive dynamics of a fluid in the confined between parallel smooth hard walls. We found an unexpected correlation between the position-dependent diffusion coefficient normal to the walls and the local packing density. We could explain this positive correlation by the fact that for repulsion-dominated fluids high density regions also have the largest available volume, consistent with the observed fast local diffusivity. Importantly, we confirmed that the diffusion coefficients strongly deviate from bulk fluid behavior, making corrections necessary in studies of diffusion in crowded environments like those of cells and their organelles.

水在生物分子的稳定性、动力学和功能中起着核心作用。通过疏水效应和氢键相互作用，水是蛋白质折叠的主要因素。在许多酶中，它直接参与催化功能。特别是，蛋白质内部的水经常介导质子在溶剂介质和活性位点之间的转移。这种水通常被限制在相对非极性的孔隙和纳米尺度的空腔中，表现出非常不寻常的性质，如高水迁移率，高质子电导率，或在充满和空状态之间的急剧转变。蛋白质利用封闭水的这些不寻常的特性来发挥其生物功能，例如，确保水通道蛋白中的水快速流动，或控制质子泵和酶中的质子流动。