Genetic cognitive and interpersonal vulnerabilities to depression in youth

描述(申请人提供)：抑郁症的发展分为三个阶段：(1)儿童时期患病率较低(1-2%)，(2)总体患病率较低，但在青春期早期出现性别差异，(3)青春期中后期患病率急剧上升(从3-17%)。在这些不同的阶段研究抑郁症的易感性是至关重要的，这样就可以为这一重大的公共卫生问题制定更有针对性、对发展敏感的治疗/预防计划。这项研究旨在研究遗传、认知和人际脆弱因素如何在每个阶段的脆弱-压力框架内共同作用于抑郁症。更具体地说，我们试图研究(1)认知和人际脆弱性何时以及如何稳定为与压力相互作用的特征样风险，以预测抑郁；(2)遗传、认知和人际脆弱性如何单独以及在压力的交互作用下解释为什么女孩在青春期早期比男孩更容易抑郁；以及(3)遗传、认知和人际脆弱性如何相互关联并与压力相互作用来预测青春期中后期抑郁的急剧增加。这项多波、多方法(问卷、临床访谈、行为任务、抽血)、多信息者(青年、母亲、临床医生)的前瞻性研究将(1)探索抑郁症的心理社会易感性何时稳定下来；(2)检验抑郁症的遗传、认知和人际易感性因素与青春期(尤其是女孩)越来越多的应激源相互作用的假设，以预测青春期早期抑郁症患病率的性别差异和青春期中期抑郁症的急剧增加。为了在这个综合易损性-压力框架内的每个阶段检查抑郁的原因，我们将使用加速纵向、交叉顺序设计来跟踪3、6和9年级的学生及其母亲(n=250名青少年和250名母亲在每个队列中)，在最初的实验室评估之后，每3个月跟踪一次，为期3年(12次跟踪评估)。将使用多水平增长曲线建模来检验假设。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Three phases in the development of depression have been identified: (1) low prevalence in childhood (1- 2%), (2) low overall prevalence but emergence of a sex difference in early adolescence, and (3) a dramatic rise in prevalence in middle to late adolescence (from 3-17%). It is essential to study vulnerabilities for developing depression in these different phases so that more focused, developmentally sensitive treatment/ prevention programs may be created for this significant public health concern. This study aims to examine how genetic, cognitive, and interpersonal vulnerability factors work together to contribute to depression within a vulnerability- stress framework during each of these phases. More specifically we seek to study (1) when and how cognitive and interpersonal vulnerabilities stabilize into trait-like risks that interact with stress to predict depression, (2) how genetic, cognitive, and interpersonal vulnerabilities, alone and in interaction with stress, explain why more girls become depressed than boys in early adolescence, and (3) how genetic, cognitive, and interpersonal vulnerabilities relate to each other and interact with stress to predict the dramatic surge in depression in middle to late adolescence. This multi-wave, multi-method (questionnaire, clinical interviews, behavioral tasks, blood draws), multi- informant (youth, mother, clinician) prospective study will (1) explore when psychosocial vulnerabilities to depression stabilize and (2) test the hypotheses that genetic, cognitive, and interpersonal vulnerability factors to depression interact with an increasing number of stressors throughout adolescence, particularly for girls, to predict the emergence of sex differences in the prevalence of depression in early adolescence and the dramatic increase in depression during middle adolescence. To examine causes of depression in each of these phases within this integrative vulnerability-stress framework, we will use an accelerated longitudinal, cross-sequential design to follow 3rd, 6th, and 9th graders and their mothers (n=250 youth and 250 mothers in each cohort), after an initial lab assessment, every 3 months for 3 years (12 follow-up assessments). Multilevel growth curve modeling will be used to test hypotheses.